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T-CAP REVIEW. By: Ethan Phillips. Types of energy. Mechanical Energy
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T-CAP REVIEW By: Ethan Phillips
Types of energy • Mechanical Energy • Mechanical energy is the energy that an object has due to its motion or its position. It can be further classified as kinetic energy, or energy of motion, and potential energy, or stored energy of position. Mechanical energy is present in: a moving car • a book on a desk • a ball that is thrown • Electrical Energy • Electrical energy moves charged particles from one place to another. When a conductor—something that electrons can move through—makes a path from one end of a battery to the other or one side of an outlet to another, electrons begin flowing through it, creating electricity. The path along which they flow is a circuit.These moving electrons flow through wires as a current, or a continuous flow of electrically charged particles. These currents can do work, converting their electrical energy to another type of energy (e.g., heat, light, sound, mechanical). A wire is plugged in to a power outlet on a wall. The electrical energy that flows through the wire transfers into: light energy when it reaches a lamp. • mechanical energy when it reaches a fan. • sound energy when it reaches a radio. • heat energy when it reaches a microwave.
More types of energy Heat Energy • Heat energy can be created when matter undergoes a chemical change (burning wood or coal) or when it is produced by another form of energy. It can transfer from a warmer object to a colder object.Examples of heat energy include: when wood or other fuels are burned to produce heat • when electric energy is converted to heat in appliances • hair dryer • microwave • Light Energy • Light energy is a type of wave energy, which is transferred and created by other types of energy. Light energy can also come from the Sun, which is referred to as solar energy. Light energy can be transferred from (and to) other energy types, such as: when electrical energy makes a lightbulb light up • when light energy is absorbed by plants and made into chemical energy (food) • Sound Energy • Sound energy is the energy of sound waves as they travel. Sound energy can be created by other forms of energy, such as: mechanical energy, when drums are played • electrical energy, when a radio is turned on • Chemical Energy • Chemical energy is the energy found in chemical compounds, such as food or fuel.
Potential energy Energy is stored by doing work against a force. There are different types of potential energy. Elastic Potential EnergyPotential energy that results from stretching an object is called elastic potential energy. For example, when a spring is stretched, work has been done to deform the spring, resulting in increased potential energy. When the spring is released, the potential energy will be converted to kinetic energy as the spring snaps back into its original shape.
Kinetic Energy • Kinetic energy is defined as energy of motion. When an object is in motion, it has kinetic energy. • The amount of kinetic energy an object has is related to its mass and velocity. The greater the velocity and mass of an object, the more kinetic energy it has. • For example, if a small marble and a large bowling ball are rolling at the same speed, the bowling ball has more kinetic energy because it has more mass.
Space • The Inner Planets • The inner planets, also known as the terrestrial planets, are small, dense, and made of rock. Their orbits are close to the Sun. Mercury is a little larger than the Moon, but has no atmosphere. Its surface is extremely hot in the sunlight (but cold in the shade) and is heavily cratered. Venus is about the size of the Earth. Venus has a thick atmosphere of carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid, and the surface is hot enough to melt lead. When Venus is closest to Earth, it is about 25 million miles away from Earth. Earth is mostly covered by water, has a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere, and is the only planet known to have life. Mars is about 7 times smaller than Earth. Mars has a thin atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide. The Martian surface is extremely cold (below the freezing point of water). Scientists believe that Mars may once have been warm enough for liquid water and possibly life. When Mars is closest to Earth, it is about 35 million miles away from Earth.
The Outer Planets • The outer planets (also known as the gas giants) are extremely large, cold, and made of gas (hydrogen, helium). Their orbits are farther out and spaced widely apart. Jupiter is the largest planet (over 1,000 times the size of Earth) with colorful cloud bands and a large storm (The Great Red Spot). Saturn has three large sets of rings surrounding it, which are visible in small backyard telescopes. Both Jupiter and Saturn have many moons (also called satellites) and are like mini-solar systems. Some of these moons could support life. Uranus has smaller thin rings, has 21 moons, and is tipped on its side. Neptune has eight moons including one large moon, Triton. Triton has active cold, nitrogen geysers that erupt frequently.
DWARF PLANETS • The Outer Planets • The outer planets (also known as the gas giants) are extremely large, cold, and made of gas (hydrogen, helium). Their orbits are farther out and spaced widely apart. Jupiter is the largest planet (over 1,000 times the size of Earth) with colorful cloud bands and a large storm (The Great Red Spot). Saturn has three large sets of rings surrounding it, which are visible in small backyard telescopes. Both Jupiter and Saturn have many moons (also called satellites) and are like mini-solar systems. Some of these moons could support life. Uranus has smaller thin rings, has 21 moons, and is tipped on its side. Neptune has eight moons including one large moon, Triton. Triton has active cold, nitrogen geysers that erupt frequently.
SPIRAL GALAXIES • 1. Spiral Galaxy - these galaxies are relatively flat and have a bulge in the middle. These galaxies have arms that spiral out from the center. Our Milky Way galaxy is a spiral galaxy, and the Sun, our closest star, is one of the stars in it. Below is a picture of the spiral galaxy M81.
Barred Spiral Galaxy • 2. Barred Spiral Galaxy - these galaxies are shaped like spiral galaxies, except for the fact that the arms begin spiraling out from a straight line of stars instead of from the center. Below is a picture of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1672.
Elliptical Galaxy • 3. Elliptical Galaxy - these galaxies look like a round or flattened ball and contain little gas and dust between the stars. These are often described as taking on the shape of a football. Below is a picture of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1132.
IRREGULAR GALAXY • 4. Irregular Galaxy - these galaxies have no discernible shape or structure. Below is a picture of the irregular galaxy I Zwicky 18.
Deep-Sky Objects Most of the objects that astronomers study are far beyond our own solar system. Examples of these objects include clusters of stars and several kinds of nebulae, or "clouds."NebulaeA nebula (plural = nebulae) is a cloud of dust and gas that exists in space, usually between stars. Nebulae can generally be classified into two categories based on their size and shape—planetary nebulae and diffuse nebulae.A planetary nebula is a relatively small, ball-shaped nebula that surrounds a star. The nebula forms from material ejected from the star's outer layers as the star begins to collapse. The Hubble Space Telescope image below shows a planetary nebula.
DIFFUSE NEBULA • A diffuse nebula is a larger nebula with an irregular shape. Diffuse nebulae located near stars reflect starlight or give off their own bright light. The image below shows a diffuse nebula.
Star Clusters A star cluster is a group of stars bound to each other by gravity. Star clusters can be classified into two general categories—galactic clusters and globular clusters. A galactic cluster is an open cluster of stars that are loosely bound to each other by gravity. A globular cluster is a spherical cluster of stars that are tightly bound to each other by gravity. The images below show an example of each cluster type.
SUN • The Sun is a medium-sized star within the Milky Way Galaxy. The Sun and our solar system are about halfway out from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. The entire Milky Way Galaxy is about 100,000 light years across.
