Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution Chapter 9

Vocabulary Chapter 9 Section 1 1. Industrial Revolution 2. Enclosure 3. Crop rotation 4. Factors of production 5. Entrepreneur

Industrial Revolution begins in Britain • The Industrial Revolution begins in Britain The Agricultural Revolution: enclosures, crop rotation, and improved breeding programs • Industrialization occurred in Britain due to four factors: large population of workers extensive natural resources expanding economy political stability

Inventions spur industrialization New inventions helped to spur growth of various industries. The first to industrialize was the textile industry. Cloth merchants boosted their profits by speeding up the process by which spinners and weavers made cloth. John Kay-The flying shuttle Richard Arkwright- Water Frame Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin

Critical Thinking • Why do you think one invention led to another? • How were England’s cotton industry and America’s cotton growers linked?

Improvements in transportation Improvements in transportation James Watts- Steam engine Robert Fulton- Steam boat New and improved roads increased and eased transportation. Steam driven locomotives and railroads: -spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished goods. -created jobs -boosted various industries: fishing and agriculture -encourage people to move around to cities or the countryside

Vocabulary 1. Urbanization 2. Middle class 3. Industrialization 4. Factory 5. Textile

Industrialization Changes life • Industrialization led to urbanization. People flocked to cities to work in factories for higher wages. Most of Europe’s urban areas at least doubled in population some quadrupled. • Living conditions were poor in the cities. Cities lacked planning, and sanitation codes. Streets had no drains and garbage collected in the streets. Disease spread quickly. Some experienced a higher status and lived in luxurious homes in suburbs. • Working conditions in factories promoted high profits by requiring long working hours (14 hrs. X 6 days a week). Working conditions were dangerous and accidents were common.

Class tensions grow The Industrial Revolution created a gap between Britain's working class and the middle class. • The middle class was made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople and wealthy farmers. They held the top position in British society, and had political power. • The working class consisted of laborers. They saw little improvement to their living and working conditions. They were overworked and underpaid. Some skilled workers rose to the lower middle class.

Positive effects of the industrial revolution • Created jobs for workers, and contributed to the wealth of the nation. • Fostered technological progress and invention • Increased production of goods and raised the standard of living. • Healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper mass produced clothing. • Expanded educational opportunities • The middle and upper middle class prospered immediately but for workers it took longer. • Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after they joined together to form labor unions.

Critical thinking • How did the Industrial Revolution provide hope of improvement? • How would joining together in groups help workers win better conditions and higher pay?

Vocabulary 1. Laissez faire 2. capitalism 3. socialism 4. communism 5. Karl Marx 6. Adam Smith 7. union 8. utilitarianism

Philosophers of industrialization • Laissez- Faire refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference, an unregulated free market. • Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, according to Smith economic liberty guaranteed economic progress. Government should not interfere. He believed in three natural laws of economics: • The law of self-interest- people work for their own good. • The law of competition- competition forces people to make a better product. • The law of supply and demand- enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand in a market economy.

Capitalism • Smith’s basic ideas were the foundation of laissez-faire capitalism. • Capitalism is an economic system in which the factors of productions are privately owned and money is invested in business ventures to make a profit. • Laissez-Faire supporters opposed government efforts to help poor workers. They thought that creating a minimum wage laws and better working conditions would upset the free market system, lower profits, and undermine the production of wealth in society.

Utilitarianism • In contrast to laissez-faire, others believed that governments should intervene. They believed that the wealthy and government should intervene and take action to improve people’s lives • Utilitarianism stated that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their usefulness. An individual should be free to pursue his or her own advantage without interference from the state. • John Stuart Mill led the utilitarian movement. Mill wished policies lead to a more equal division of profits. He favored a cooperative system of agriculture and women’s rights (right to vote).

Socialism • In socialism, the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the good of all. • Socialism grew out of an optimistic view of human nature, a belief in progress and social justice. • Socialism argues that the government should plan the economy rather than rely on a free market as in capitalism. If the government controlled factories, mines, railroads, and other key industries there would be an end to poverty. Equality would prevail.

Communism According to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels the Industrial Revolution had made the wealthy richer and impoverished the poor. • Marx and Engels wrote The Communist Manifesto, which stated that wealthy controlled the means of producing goods, and the poor performed backbreaking labor under terrible conditions. The situation resulted in conflict. Eventually the workers would overthrow the owners. • Communism is a form of complete socialism in which the means of production- all land, mines, factories, railroads and businesses would be owned by the people. All goods and services would be shared equally.

Labor Unions and reforms • Unions were created by workers to combat long working hours, dirty and dangerous factories and the threat of being laid off. • Unions spoke for all workers. Strikes were used to bargain for better working conditions and higher pay. • Reform laws were passed to combat the abuses caused by industrialization. Factory Act of 1833- Made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old. 9-12 years old could not work more than 8 hours. 13-17 year olds could not work more than 12 hours. • Britain finally abolished slavery in its empire in 1833. • The women’s rights movement addressed many social issues and worked to improve many social injustices.

Skillbuilder 1. Consider the following people from 19th century Britain: factory worker, shop owner, factory owner, unemployed artisan. Which would be most likely to prefer capitalism and which would prefer socialism? Why? 2. Which system of economic ideas seems most widespread today?

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Industrial Revolution