Hosted by HAYLEY

1. Jeopardy Hosted by HAYLEY

2. G.1 G.2 G.3 G.4 & G.5 100 100 100 100 200 200 200 200 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400 500 500 500 500

3. What are some factors that affect the distribution of animal species? (there are 5) • Temperature • Water • Breeding Sites • Food Supply • Territory

4. Discuss the difficulties of classifying organisms into trophic levels. • Need to construct food web – this is • complicated because animals eat/are • eaten by more than one type of animal • Where to put omnivores?? • Example: bears eat plants, insects, and • fish…so are they primary/secondary/ • or tertiary consumers?

5. What are 3 examples of the introduction of alien species that have had significant impacts on the ecosystem? • Kudzu (deliberate release..thought to solve soil erosion) • rapid growth (≥ 60ft per season) • costs US $500 million per year • Zebra mussels (accidental release) • in Great Lakes • one mussel  100,000 eggs per year • Prickly pear (under control) • cactus in Australia

6. Distinguish between r-strategies & k-strategies. • R-strategy: disposable offspring • Ex: zebra mussels; hundreds of • offspring; more likely to survive • natural disaster (unstable environment) • K-strategy: nurture offspring • Ex: zebra (larger animals/most • mammals); few offspring; time/ • energy spent nurturing young; not • likely to survive catastrophe (stable • environment)

7. Distinguish between fundamental and realized niches. Fundamental niche: potentialmode of existence, given the adaptation of the species complete range of biological & physical conditions under which an organism can live Realized niche: actual mode of existence, results from adaptations & competition with other species narrower range IDEAL REAL

8. Define gross production, net production, and biomass. Gross production: total amount of energy trapped in organic matter produced by plants (per area per time) Net production = gross production – respiration Biomass: dry mass of an organism

9. Define biomagnification. • Process by which chemical substances • become more concentrated at each • trophic level

10. What are some roles of active management techniques in conservation? • Restoration • Recovery of threatened species • Removal of introduced species • Legal protection against development/ • pollution • Funding and prioritizing

11. Explain the principle of competitive exclusion. No two species in a community can occupy the same niche one species will survive & other will die out (interspecific competition for same resources) *experiments by Gause with 2 Paramecium species

12. Construct a general pyramid of biomass and explain the reason for its structure. higher trophic levels – smaller biomass biomass is lost during respiration at each trophic level

13. Outline effects of ultraviolet radiation on living tissues & biological productivity. • nonlethal skin cancer- basal, squamouscell • carcinoma • lethal skin cancer- malignant melanoma • mutation of DNA • sunburn- enlarged blood vessels - red skin • cataracts- clouded eye lense • reduced biological productivity- • kill plant cells (affects ability to photosynthesize) • damage DNA growth cells

14. Explain the use of an indicator species in monitoring environmental change. • Indicator Species: sensitive to • environmental change • Example: lichen- indicator of air quality; • shows presence of lead/mercury in air • Example: macroinvertebrates- judge of water • quality • *cleaner the water: higher the # of sensitive • organisms

15. Explain the different interactions of organisms with those of other species. • Competition: for food supply (survival of fittest) • Herbivory: eating of plants (producers) • Predation: consumer (predator) eating another • consumer (prey) • Parasitism: parasite lives on/in host : host is harmed • Mutualism: two species live together, both benefit • from the relationship

16. Outline the characteristics of a DESERT biome. • Desert – • temperature: mostly very hot; 140º F (60º C) • during day; cold at night • soil temperature: < 60º C • low precipitation: < 30 cm per year • vegetation: Cacti - water storage tissues, • thick cuticles (to reduce water loss)

17. Outline the effect of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) on the ozone layer. • CFCs causing ozone layer to become thinner!! • In Stratosphere: • CFCs breakdown to release chloride ions (Cl-) • Cl- react with ozone molecules (O3) to produce ClO & • oxygen (O2) • ClO joins with O2 to form more O2 & release Cl- • Cl- now free to destroy another ozone molecule • (start the cycle over ---- depletion of ozone) • *Montreal protocol- phase out use of CFCs in: • refrigerator coolants, aerosol propellants, foam • packaging material

18. What are some methods of ex situ conservation? • *Used if species cannot be kept in natural • habitat, danger of extinction • Captive breeding • artificial insemination • embryo transfer to surrogate mother • cryogenics: egg/sperm cells, embryos frozen for future use • human-raised young • keeping a pedigree to minimize inbreeding • Botanical gardens – plants easy to keep in captivity • Seed Banks – kept in cold, dark conditions: metabolism of • seed slows down, prevents it from germinating • (seeds stored for decades)

19. Describe one method of random sampling, based on quadrat methods, to compare population of 2 species. • Map entire area of habitat • Determine size of quadrats • Place numbered grid over map • Choose which quadrats to sample using • random number table • Count # of organism 1 in each sample quadrat • Count # of organism 2 in each sample quadrat • Calculate averages of organisms 1 & 2 • Multiply average # of organism 1 by total # of • quadrats on map to get estimate of # of organism • Repeat step 8 for organism 2

20. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. .

21. Discuss reasons for the conservation of biodiversity. • Economic • Most nutrients in plants, not in soil • Logging  nutrient-poor soil • Sources of medicines, chemicals...could go extinct • Ecotourism ($$) • Ecological • Loss of one species could affect others (interdependent) • Diversity protects against invasive species • Fewer plants  more CO2 in atmosphere  global warming • Soil erosion, flooding • Ethical • Affects local human populations • Help them make a living from it while preserving it • Ethical responsibility to conserve it for future generations • Reduce human impact, increase education/awareness • Aesthetic • Ecotourism • Boosts human well-being • Inspiration for artists, writers, photographers, ...

22. Describe capture-mark-release-recapture method used to estimate population size of an animal species. • Catch some of population and mark them • Release marked animals – allow to “mix” with others in population • Capture second sample of population – some will be marked, some • unmarked • Proportion of marked to unmarked in 2nd sample = • Proportion of originally marked to whole population • # marked in 2nd sample = # marked in 1st sample • total caught in 2nd sample size of whole population • Limitations: • marks on animals may injure them/make them more visible to predators • method assumes population is closed (no immigration/emigration) – this • very rarely occurs