dynamics

1. dynamics Structural objects : languages, codes, styles, sound structure, morphemes, words, clauses and sentences, utterances Contextual correlates : sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistics Pragmatics adds dynamic perspective on the interadaptability of context and structure in language use. Central to the process of adaptation in language use or to the meaningful functioning of language is the dynamic generation of meaning.

2. The temporal dimension of communication • Space is a powerful contextual correlate of adaptability • Spatial relations underlie significant chunks of linguistically reflective conceptualization • Time as a contextual correlate of adaptability imposes more universal constraints on verbal interaction • Time or temporal dimension provides the raw material for communicative dynamics • There are three stages of adaptation in linguistic interaction :1linguistic choices may be made after certain circumstances in the world 2:linguistic choices may create certain circumstances 3:choices may remain ineffective until or become ineffective when certain later conditions come into play

3. Dynamics and context • Social relationships • Personal characteristics • Personal states of mind • linguistic channels : oral versus written Cohesion, digression, constraints

4. Dynamics and structure • Linearity : Determines the constraints on a word order It doesn’t fully determine the shape of the dynamics of language use

5. Activities, events and frames of meaning • Speech genre : is a relatively stable utterance type associated with sphere of human activity • Language game: embeddedness of speech in human activity or forms of life • Speech activity : refers to the meaningful form of behavior which an interpreter has to envision in order to construct an interpretation . • Speech event : refers to sequentially organized stretches of speech .(job interviews,dinner conversation)

6. Strategies of meaning generation • strategies of language use are ways of exploiting the interplay between explicitness and implicitness in the generation of meaning • Instances of the strategic avoidenceof explicitness: conversational implicature, irony , metaphor, politeness . • They range from the use of referential expressions over grammatical all the way to principle of suprasentential utterance building .

7. The dynamics of interactive meaning generation • 1:the Budapest opera Woman :[gestigulating] pause …pause. [pointing at watch] how long ? JV: [slowly articulating] ten minutes . [holding both hand up , fingers stretched ] Ten

8. The Berkeley coffee shop • [situation: coffee shop in Berkeley, California]. • 1:costomer [just coming in] to waitress : Is this non-smoking? • 2:waitress: You can use it as non- smoking • 3:customer [sitting down]: thanks

9. from Brussels to Frankfurt • Pilot : Once we are in the air well fly as fast as possible

10. From Bellagio to Linate • Consultation: secretary –driver[driver=source] • notes • map • The reality of italian roads from Bellagio to linate JV following the instruction Road instructions secretary---JV

11. Mind in society • Even a traditional pragmatic phenomenon such asdeixiscannot be understood without assuming that a cognitive apparatus is at work identifying points of reference in trying to cope with outside reality. • Phenomena of indirectness and implicit meaning would have no function in communication ,unless inferencingprocesses Can be relied upon to activate them ,in a manner that is sufficiently based on socially shared norms to be negotiable.

12. Mind in society • Preference organization in conversation is not just a ‘fact’ of verbal behavior; it is largely based on experientially and socially produced patterns of expectation • Intentionality is obviously cognition-based • Pragmatic research ,is of course a mental operation though necessarily situated in a context . • An entire mental world inseparable from the social and the physical, is within the range of contextual correlates of adaptability. The existence of languages , codes and styles depends more on perceptions of difference and coherence than on their ‘objective’ properties, and those perceptions are significantly guided by established social norms.

13. Mind in society • Lexical meaning is structured, both in terms of word internal semantic structure and in term of semantic relationships between words, on the basis of cognitive principles that interact with extra linguistic reality • Grammar is full of phenomena guided by cognitive constraints • The structure of utterances is strongly inspired by what the interlocutors assume that the others mental representation of the world looks like. • Speech activity and speech event types are behaviorally and socially. The frames themselves are merely products of the cognitive organization of experience

14. Mind in society • Social factors do not exist without being interpreted. • The medium of adaptability shows a non-dichotomous dual nature.(cognitive,social)

15. Perception and representation • In order to have anything at all to talk about , we have to perceive certain realities • We have to represent what we perceive in a way that make it interpretable and usable for communicative purposes • Categorization : process which produces semantic contents organized around prototypes and lexical fields structured around a cognitively basic level • Conceptual tools may be created as the need arises(anger and sadness) • Refinement, sophistication, precision implies the assumption of a hierarchy among categorization • Metaphorization : expanding the applicability of a term(left and right)(the foot of the montain) • Association : the conceptual linking of otherwise distant notion (landscape architecture – installation art)

16. Perception and representation • Abstraction : the transformation of what is physically observable into a higher dimension of conceptualization • Generalization : the mental act of attaching general validity to specific facts, in combination with abstraction • Reification : making of something abstract into a thing(culture –cultures)

17. planning • Planning : looking ahead on aspects of linguistic behaviour • It is by no means restricted to mental operations that are carried out in advance • Planning is involved in the behavior of the utterer, it is intention or goal related, though not always with the same degree of consciousnesss

18. memory • Memory : looking back on or retrospective representation of, the course of linguistic behaviour • Language use is not possible without the constant tapping of memory, which either takes the form of recognition or of recall • Short- term memory is able to retain the actual form of utterances • Long- term memory focuses more on content

19. Degrees of salience • When discussing degrees of salience, we really need to distinguish between the actual making of linguistic choices and what we refer to as the contributing mental processes • Advance planning can be expected to show a higher degree of salience or consciousness than planning on the spot • The more carefully an exchange has been planned in advance, the less conscious processing effort it will require to say the right thing at the right time

20. Degrees of salience • Customer : is this non-smoking • Waitress : you can use it as non-smoking • Customer : thanks

21. Metapragmatic awareness • The systematic study of the metalevel ,where indicators of reflexive awareness are found in actual choice making that constitutes language use, is called metapragmatics • Metapragmatics like other mental processes and language use, show different degrees of salience

22. Metapragmatic awareness • At the end of the year, 31 new cancer drugs will be in the final phase of clinical trials. • Around the end of the year , more than 30 new cancer drugs could be in the final phase of clinical trials

23. Indicators of metapragmatic awareness • Shifters : indexical symbols(pronouns,aspect, tense,modality) • Discourse or pragmatic markers,discourse or pragmatic particles :lexical indications(markers of cohesion and coherence) • Contextualization cues : (code switching)

24. Self- monitoring • Language users always monitor the ways in which they produce or interpret utterances, the need and obstacles of negotiating • Hesitation and repairs are some of the most visible manifestations of this process