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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Sex and Gender. Questions for You…. How are issues of gender “socially constructed” in society? How do social institutions such as the family, the peer group, eductional institutions and the media facilitate social expectations of gender?

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Sex and Gender

  2. Questions for You… • How are issues of gender “socially constructed” in society? • How do social institutions such as the family, the peer group, eductional institutions and the media facilitate social expectations of gender? • Is there evidence that gender role socialization is becoming more “gender neutral?”

  3. Chapter Outline • Sex: The Biological Dimension • Gender: The Cultural Dimension • Gender Stratification in Historical and Contemporary Perspective

  4. Chapter Outline • Gender and Socialization • Contemporary Gender Inequality • Perspectives on Gender Stratification • Gender Issues in the Future

  5. Sex and Gender • Sex refers to the biological differences between females and males. • Gender refers to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males.

  6. Society and Gender • The organization and social structures within society significantly impact how power, property and prestige are distributed based on gender. • Women make up the world’s largest minority population as women, collectively, do not have the sam degrees of power, property and prestige as men world wide.

  7. The Pay Gap • There is a “pay gap” that exists between men and women in virtually all professions. • According to data published by the AFL-CIO, women earn approximately 80% of a man’s income. What social factors could account for the pay gap? Take a look at the link below. • http://www.aflcio.org/issues/jobseconomy/women/equalpay/ThePayGapByOccupation.cfm

  8. Sex Characteristics • At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by primary sex characteristics: the genitalia used in the reproductive process. • At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of secondary sex characteristics: physical traits that identify an individual’s sex.

  9. How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender? • True or False? • Most people have an accurate perception of their physical appearance.

  10. How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender? • False • Many people do not have a very accurate perception of their bodies. • For example, many girls and women think of themselves as “fat” when they are not. • Some boys and men believe that they need a well-developed chest and arm muscles, broad shoulders, and a narrow waist.

  11. How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender? • True or False? • Young girls and women very rarely die as a result of anorexia or bulimia.

  12. How Much Do You KnowAbout Body Image and Gender? • False. • Although the exact number is not known, many young girls and women die as a result of starvation, malnutrition, and other problems associated with anorexia and bulimia.

  13. Sexual Orientation • An individual’s preference for emotional–sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).

  14. Sexual Orientation • Homosexual and gay are most often used in association with males who prefer same-sex relationships. • Lesbian is used in association with females who prefer same-sex relationships. • Heterosexual individuals, who prefer opposite-sex relationships, are sometimes referred to as straight.

  15. Hermaphrodites • Caused by a hormone imbalance, a hermaphrodite has a combination of male and female genitalia. • Western societies acknowledge two sexes, other societies recognize three: • Men • Women • Berdaches - males who behave, dress, work,and are treated as women.

  16. Gender: The Cultural Dimension • Most “sex differences” are socially constructed gender differences. • Gender is embedded in the images, ideas, and language of a society. • Gender is used as a means to divide up work, allocate resources, and distribute power.

  17. Gender Socialization • The process of learning to be male or female. • Gender Scripts: The social expectations of gender assigned to males and females.

  18. Learning Gender…Early • The family introduces the child to an expectation of gender. Toys play a vital role in this process of gender socialization. • Take a look at the following link to Toys R Us. • Do you notice any patterns regarding stereotypical “gender roles?” • http://www.toysrus.com/shop • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/09/02/worst-toys-for-girls_n_701063.html

  19. Sexism toward Women • Three components: • Negative attitudes toward women. • Stereotypical beliefs that reinforce, complement, or justify the prejudice. • Discrimination - acts that exclude, distance, or keep women separate.

  20. Gender Stereotypes • Men • strong, rational, dominant, independent, less concerned with appearance • Women • weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, anxious about appearance

  21. Polling Question • If you were taking a new job and had your choice of a boss, would you prefer to work for a man or a woman? • Man • Woman • No preference

  22. Gendered Division of Labor Three factors: • Type of subsistence base. • Supply of and demand for labor. • The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work.

  23. Hunting and Gathering

  24. Horticultural and Pastoral

  25. Agrarian

  26. Industrial

  27. Postindustrial

  28. Single Mothers with Children Under 18 • Between 1990 and 2004, the number of U.S. families headed by single mothers increased by about 25%. • This marks a change in the roles of many women, and may indicate that “traditional” households are in decline.

  29. Parents and Gender Socialization • Children's clothing and toys reflect their parents' gender expectations. • Children are often assigned household tasks according to gender.

  30. Peers and Gender Socialization • Peers help children learn gender-appropriate and inappropriate behavior. • During adolescence, peers often are more effective at gender socialization than adults. • College student peers play an important role in career choices and the establishment of long term, intimate relationships.

  31. Schools and Gender Socialization • Teachers provide messages about gender through classroom assignments and informal interactions with students. • Teachers may unintentionally show favoritism toward one gender over the other.

  32. Sports and Gender Socialization • From elementary school through high school: • Boys play football. • Girls are cheerleaders, members of the drill team, and homecoming queens. • For many males, sports is a training ground for masculinity.

  33. Mass Media and Gender Socialization On television: • Male characters typically are more aggressive, constructive, and direct. • Females are deferential toward others or use manipulation to get their way.

  34. Polling Question • If you could temporarily be the other gender, how long would you like to do so? • One day • One week • I have no desire to be the other gender

  35. % of Women, African Americans, and Hispanics in Selected Occupations

  36. The Wage Gap – By Age

  37. The Wage Gap – By Racial-Ethnic Group

  38. The Wage Gap – By Occupation

  39. The Wag Gap – By State

  40. Views of Division of Labor by Gender

  41. The Human Capital Model • According to this model, individuals vary in the amount of human capital they bring to the labor market. • Human capital is acquired by education and job training; it is the source of a person’s productivity and can be measured in terms of the return on the investment (wages) and the cost (schooling or training) .

  42. Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification

  43. Sociological Perspectives on Gender Stratification

  44. Quick Quiz

  45. 1. Primary sex characteristics are: • genitalia. • ones that are most important in a relationship. • clothing that a person wears. • characteristics such as facial hair and tone of voice that are obvious when meeting someone.

  46. Answer: A • Primary sex characteristics are genitalia.

  47. 2. A ________ is a person whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body. • transsexual • hermaphrodite • transvestite • berdaches

  48. Answer: A • A transsexual is a person whom the sex-related structures of the brain that define gender identity are opposite from the physical sex organs of the person's body.

  49. 3. A ________ is a person in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete. • transvestite • transsexual • berdaches • hermaphrodite

  50. Answer: D • A hermaphrodite is a person in whom sexual differentiation is ambiguous or incomplete.

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