Higher History Germany: The Nazis in Power

Higher HistoryGermany: The Nazis in Power Why were the Nazis able to maintain power between 1933-9?

We are learning to… Explain why the Nazis were able to stay in power between 1933 and 1939 I can… Build up notes on the topic Plan a 20 mark essay Pass a 20 mark timed essay

Introduction • In January 1933 Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany and set about dismantling democracy • Historians debate the reasons whythe Nazis were able to stay in power – did people enjoy living in Nazi Germany or were people coerced into obedience? • It is your job to decide this – but also to judge which factors were more important than others in the Nazis staying in power

Background (need for intro) • In January 1933, the Nazis were the biggest party in the Reichstag(196 seats) although they still had never won a majority of the seats • Ageing President Paul Hindenburg offered Hitler the job of Chancellor which he accepted • Hindenburg was convinced by the political right to appoint Hitler but also did it because he felt he could keep an eye on him if he had a position of power • Hitler was not as easily manipulated as was hoped • On 27th February 1933 the Reichstag building went on fire and it was blamed on a young Dutch Communist • The subsequent events allowed Hitler to take supreme power in Germany and rule as a dictator; the democratic Weimar years were over

The arguments for the Nazis maintaining power‘The Factors’ • Establishment of a totalitarian state • Social Controls • Propaganda • Foreign Policy • Economic and Social Policies You should aim to cover 4 of these in your essay; but you must know all of them in case it is the isolated factor.

1. Totalitarian State: Knowledge The establishment of a totalitarian state • After the Reichstag Fire on 27th February 1933 (apparently started by) the Communist party, Hitler used his position as chancellor to persuade the President to pass Article 48 – The Emergency Decree, removing all civil liberties (rights) from the German people. • The SA Brownshirts and SS ‘protective squadron’ acted as a ‘temporary’ police auxiliary, arresting Communists, Socialists and Trade Union officials so that Hitler could call a new election and win a majority in the Reichstag • With the Communists and Socialists ‘missing’ from the Reichstag, Hitler passed the Enabling Act on 24th March 1933 which gave him power to pass laws without Presidential authorisation, effectively allowing Hitler to rule as sole dictator.

Establishment of a totalitarian state: Analysis Analysis (basic) • The Reichstag Fire and Enabling Act were very important in giving Hitler the power he needed to pass laws to get rid of opposition groups and political parties and was the first step in achieving a one-party state Analysis (+) • However, even with the SPD arrested or ‘missing’ and Communists banned, Hitler still did not win a majority vote in the March 1933 election (43.9%) showing that there was still a lot of opposition in Germany that Hitler would need to take strong action against to stay in power

Totalitarian State: Knowledge The crushing of opposition • On 2nd May 1933, Trade Unions were banned. The Reich Labour Front led by Robert Ley was set up to ‘protect the Rights of Workers’ and strikes became illegal. • Trade Union leaders who may have potentially led uprisings or opposition groups were swiftly arrested and interned at the new concentration camp Dachau, near Munich. • On the 22nd June 1933 the Socialist party was banned. The Communists had already been banned after the Reichstag Fire and most of the other parties broke up, the last being the Catholic centre party. • On the 14th July 1933, a new law was passed declaring the Nazi party to be the only legal party in Germany.

Crushing of Opposition: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This shows Hitler had successfully established a one-party dictatorship in Germany where the only legal party were the Nazis and German civil rights were removed; the visible crushing of opposition also served the purpose of terrifying potential opponents into obedience Analysis (+) • However, wages were low and working conditions were very poor in the Reich Labour Front so it was likely that Hitler would face opposition from working men in Germany which showed the Nazis there would have to be ‘incentives’ or rewards for peoples’ obedience

Totalitarian State: Knowledge Living in Fear of the State (SQA call state terrorism) • The SS ‘Schutzstaffel’ was the state’s internal security service and led by Heinrich Himmler, their job was to root out any opposition to the Fuhrer. The disciplined force wore black uniforms and lightning flashes on their collar. • The Gestapo were the secret police of the Nazi Government. They read mail, opened letters and listened at doors and seemed to be watching and listening everywhere. • The most feared institution of the Nazi state was the concentration camps. Dachau (Munich) and Sachsenhausen (Berlin) were supposed to be ‘re-education’ camps which housed enemies of the state and most Germans would do anything to avoid ending up in one.

State Terrorism: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This shows that the Nazis created the apparatus of a police state in order to ensure people in Germany were living in fear and would therefore obey and accept Nazi rule in order to avoid the consequences of being sent to be ‘re-educated’ Analysis (+) • However, it must be acknowledged that sections of German society were happy to see ‘undesirables’ like Communists removed from society & punished and the fact that around 160,000 German acted as informants for the Gestapo shows that there was a willingness to cooperate

2. Social Controls: Knowledge The Nazification of society • On 7 April 1933 the law for the Re-establishment of the Civil Service allowed all opponents of the Nazi regime to be sacked from government jobs • The legal system became pro-Nazi; Nazi Judges set up the People’s Court in 1934 and anti-Nazi judges and lawyers were sacked • All teachers, lecturers and professors had to sign up to the National Socialist Teachers’ League or they were sacked. Any opponents to the regime in education were sacked.

Nazification: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This shows that the Nazis successfully wiped out any opposition within influential sectors like justice and education which was where opposition would be likely due to a high number of academics. The professions were now Nazi-dominated and loyal to the state. • It shows German citizens no longer had an independent judicial system to safeguard their rights Analysis (+) • However, it is not clear how many of these people genuinely believed in Nazi ideology and it is likely that many in education and justice cooperated in order to save or further their career rather than any strong desire to promote Nazi beliefs • Some historians have said that many judges and lawyers who were not staunch Nazis welcomed the Nazi regime due to their promise to restore a more authoritarian notion of ‘law and order’

2. Social Controls: Knowledge Education and religion • The entire school curriculum was redesigned to reflect Nazi Ideology. • PE replaced RE • Geography taught the need for ‘living space’ • Biology taught ‘eugenics’ or ‘race studies • The Nazis reached an agreement, or concordat, with the Catholic church in July 1933 where the church was granted religious freedom as long as they did not interfere in politics • The Protestant Church, with its 45million German members, was taken under Nazi control. The Nazis appointed their own bishop Ludwig Muller and Mein Kampf became the Bible.

Religion and Education: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This shows that with full control of the German education system the Nazis were able to manipulate the curriculum to ensure an obedient youth who had been conditioned into Nazi beliefs which helped them stay in power • This shows that even at Church, which most Germans attended, people would hear positive messages about the Nazis, or at least no criticism, which helped ensure the majority of the German population were compliant with the Nazi government

Religion and Education: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, it is important that credit is given to the youth and many German children and young people were quite aware that their education was being distorted and could see the Nazi bias in their lessons. Many children rebelled in their own way, such as listening to illegal jazz or swing music. • In addition, despite all attempts to silence the churches in Germany some of the most vehement opposition came from clergy such as minister Martin Niemollerwho was sent to Sachsenhausen and Dachau for speaking out against the Nazis

3. Propaganda: Knowledge Propaganda As propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels’ job was to rid Germany of its old class divisions and create a sense of ‘national community’ (volksgemeinschaft) Propaganda during the Nazi reign came in three main forms (and was usually posters/ cinema) • Promoting the benefits of living in Nazi Germany – how lucky people were for what Hitler gave them i.e. The Peoples’ Car • Promoting Nazi beliefs/ persecuting minorities – Jews, the disables • Enforcing the Fuhrer Cult – showing Hitler as a God and the ‘Father’ of Germany

Propaganda: Analysis Analysis (basic) • Propaganda could not be avoided living in Nazi Germany and people were bombarded with Nazi messages, helping promote the positives that Hitler brought to Germany and gained loyalty from the German people • Historians believe that propaganda was most effective amongst young people and they enthusiastically embraced the idea of the ‘thousand year Reich’

Propaganda: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, more recent research has suggested that propaganda was not able to change peoples’ minds about minority groups but instead built on existing prejudices, so it only made people more prejudiced rather than created prejudice • Historians have also concluded that propaganda was largely unsuccessful in the working class but that it is very difficult to measure how far anyone was influenced by propaganda due to the system of fear in place which would have stifled peoples’ true opinion • In addition, many Germans were quite aware they were being bombarded with Nazi propaganda and actually intentionally avoided it, such as showing up at the cinema late to avoid the propaganda films

4. Foreign Policy: Knowledge An anti Versailles Foreign policy – hugely popular in Germany • Hitler’s decision to end all reparations payments was portrayed as a great foreign policy achievement even though it was actually the work of Weimar • In 1933 Hitler withdrew from the League of Nations, a group intended to keep peace in Europe • In 1935 Hitler announced rearmament; the army increased in size, planes and tanks were built, conscription was reintroduced • In March 1936, Hitler remilitarised the Rhineland • In 1938, Hitler accomplished the Anschluss with Austria as part of his bid for lebensraum – ‘living space’ for German speaking people in Europe

Foreign Policy: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This is important because Hitler’s foreign policy was extremely popular in Germany and he received a huge amount of support from Germans for reversing the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles and re-establishing Germany as a world power • Some historians have called Hitler’s foreign policy victories a ‘sweetener’ of life in Nazi Germany and said that much of Hitler’s popularity while he was in power rested on his achievements in foreign policy

Foreign Policy: Analysis Analysis (+) However, it is clear that not every German supported the aggressive foreign policy adopted by Hitler and many could see he was leading Germany into another war – the Nazis published propaganda postcards claiming ‘we thank our leader’ after the invasion of the Sudetenland which shows they had to convince Germans they were thankful

5. Social and Economic Policies: Knowledge Economic – ‘The Nazi Economic Miracle’ • Through a programme of forced labour, public works, excluding Jews from the workforce as well as the building of the Autobahn system, unemployment reduced dramatically. • In 1933 it was over 6 million. By 1936 it was 1 million. By 1939 it was 0. Social – ‘Strength Through Joy’ • The KDF or ‘Strength through Joy’ organisation was set up to avoid worker discontent. It gave workers free holidays, cruises, concert tickets and even the chance to obtain a Peoples’ Car via a savings system Youth (Social) – The Hitler Youth Movements • Youth movements were set up for young people – The Hitler Jugend for boys where camping, shooting and digging trenches prepared the boys for the next German conflict • The League of German Maidens (BDM) taught girls to accept the role of mothers and wives and focussed on the ‘three Ks’ – church, children and kitchen’

Economic and Social Policies: Analysis Analysis (basic) • This is important because the Nazis received a great deal of support and praise for providing jobs for all and a regular income for German families after the unemployment and misery of the Weimar years, even if working conditions were difficult • The Strength through Joy movement was successful in winning over the working class in Germany as it provided small rewards – it certainly helped deflect criticism from the regime and helped the Nazis stay in power. 10m had been on a KDF holiday by 1938. • The Youth movements won over most German youths – particularly the outdoor activities and Hitler Youth camps by boys and many poor children enjoyed the activities and free uniforms they otherwise could not afford, which is shown in the fact that by 1936, 60% of young people belonged to a Nazi youth organisation (voluntarily)

Economic and Social Policies: Analysis Analysis (+) • However, some historians have pointed out that the working class Germans remained suspicious of the Nazi regime and were not totally won over by full employment - strikes in Berlin in 1936 showed unrest towards the Nazis - and many remained loyal to the Socialist and Communist Parties. • The Strength Through Joy movement also failed to deliver many of it’s promises – the Beetle (People’s Car) scheme was never fully developed and funds were diverted towards the military by 1938/39 rather than leisure • It must also be pointed out that not all children were enticed by the Youth movements as many joined opposition groups – The Edelweiss Pirates, The White Rose- and the Nazis had to take the step of making the youth movements compulsory in December 1936

Higher Extension: Anti-Semitism • The persecution of the Jewish minority in Germany was carried out gradually • In April 1933, there was a nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses • Soon after, Jews were sacked from the Civil Service and were forbidden from entering the professions (doctors, lawyers, teachers) • In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were introduced made Jewish discrimination legal – Jews lost their German Citizenship and marriage became Jews and Aryans illegal

In 1938, using the murder of a German diplomat as an excuse, the Nazi regime carried out it’s first nationwide attack on Jewish communities • Shops, synagogues and homes were smashed up and looted, 91 Jews were killed and many were taken to camps • It became known as Kristallnachtor the Night of Broken Glass • Watch the programme and take notes on the treatment of Jews in Nazi Germany • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynypuxgCbH4

Consolidation • A good idea when you have taken all your notes for a topic is to create a condensed revision guide for the essay • This might be a mind map, picture map, bullet points etc. but should fit on one page • Do this for homework (example on next page)

Why did the Nazis stay in Power Establishment of a Totalitarian State Social Controls Propaganda Foreign Policy Social & Economic Policies

Essay Questions • The Nazis in Power is an example of an isolated factor essay – this means the SQA will ask you whether the Nazis stayed in power because of a specific factor (one of the 5 we cover) • You must talk about the factor in the question BUT you do not need to agree it is the most important • Examples To what extent did the Nazi party stay in power after 1933 due to the establishment of a totalitarian state? How far can it be argued that The Nazis stayed in power 1933 - 39 due to the popularity of their policies ? ‘The Nazi’s maintenance of power was largely due to propaganda’. Discuss.

Introduction – 3 step plan • Background (give 2-3 sentences about the Nazis coming into power/ Hitler becoming chancellor) ‘By 1933…’ • Factors (what are the factors in the essay?) There were many important factors in the Nazis staying in power such as… (a list is fine) • Argument (what will you be arguing is most important?) It can be argued that the most important factor was …because…

Conclusion – 4 step plan • In conclusion, there were many reasons why the Nazis stayed in power between 1933-39. • On the one hand… (you should take one key factor here and explain why it was important) • On the other hand… (now you should do the same with another key factor to balance your argument) • Overall, the most important factor was… (keep your strongest until last, backing up why it is so important and it should be clear why it outweighs the other factors)

Evaluation • A good way to approach trying to get the final 4 marks for evaluation is to take your factors (5 in this case) and rank them from most important to least important • Try to come up with a reason Why each is in that place (not why it is important but why it is more or less important) • A priority diagram can be a good technique to use – try to relate every factor back to your most important

Evaluation E1 and E2 - 2 marks can be gained from making evaluative comments which relate to individual factors Example – Upon evaluation, ______ was the most/least important factor in the Nazis maintenance of power because... NB – You must be saying something new in your evaluation, not repeating your analysis or doing ‘mini conclusions’

Evaluation + E+ - up to 4 marks can be gained from making evaluative comments which show the relative importance between factors (i.e. you compare two) Example – Upon evaluation, the totalitarian state was more important than ______ in the Nazis staying in power because... NB – You must be saying something new in your evaluation, not repeating your analysis or doing ‘mini conclusions’ Remember analysis is really tricky and many candidates get 0/4 but still get an A!

E1 • Upon evaluation, PROPAGANDAwas the most important factor in the Nazis maintenance of power becausethe Nazis relied on propaganda for every other factor to be successful, they used propaganda to convince people life was good, Hitler was saving Germany and that social controls and a police state were needed for Germany’s survival.

E1 • Upon evaluation, PROPAGANDAwas the most important factor in the Nazis maintenance of power becausepropaganda is a common feature of all dictatorships in history, such as in the Soviet Union, because citizens naturally want freedom and rights and propaganda is a key weapon in conditioning people to believe that sacrificing these is necessary.

E1 • Upon evaluation, SOCIAL CONTROLS was the least important factor in the Nazis maintenance of power becauseNazi control of the schoolteachers & curriculum although important would be ineffective if schoolchildren were not also subject to indoctrination outwith the classroom i.e. through propaganda, the Hitler Youth and through the fear of their parents to criticise the Fuhrer in the Nazi police state.

E+ • Upon evaluation, FOREIGN POLICY was more important than Social & Economic Policies in the Nazis maintenance of power because even if Hitler delivered full employment he would still have been criticised widely if he had obeyed the Treaty of Versailles and when he went against it i.e. by remilitarising the Rhineland, that got him the greatest amount of admiration and support form ordinary Germans as the Treaty had been the worst thing ever to happen to Germans in their opinion and other problems like unemployment had only stemmed from it.

Higher History Germany: The Nazis in Power