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Kingdom PLANTAE

Kingdom PLANTAE. Multi-celled / eukaryotic Autotrophic / chloroplast Cell wall - cellulose. Kingdom PLANTAE. Plant Evolution. Plants: Alternation of Generation. Gametophyte (n) : Haploid, produces eggs and sperms which then unite to form sporophyte

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Kingdom PLANTAE

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  1. Kingdom PLANTAE • Multi-celled / eukaryotic • Autotrophic / chloroplast • Cell wall - cellulose

  2. Kingdom PLANTAE • Plant Evolution

  3. Plants: Alternation of Generation • Gametophyte (n): Haploid, produces eggs and sperms which then unite to form sporophyte • Sporophyte (2n): Diploid which goes through meiosis to produce spores which grow into gametophytes

  4. Plants: Alternation of Generation

  5. Plants: Alternation of Generation - MOSSES

  6. Plants: Alternation of Generation - FERNS

  7. Plants: Flowers Alternation of Generation

  8. Plants: Flowers • Most plants are angiosperms, flowering plants • Angiosperm seeds protected and dispersed in fruits, which develop from ovaries

  9. Plants: Flowering Plants • Angiosperms, or flowering plants, are most familiar and diverse plants • Two main types of angiosperms • Monocots: orchids, bamboos, palms, lilies, grains, and other grasses • Dicots: shrubs, ornamental plants, most trees, and many food crops

  10. Embryonicshoot Seed coat • Comparison between dicot and monocot seeds Embryonicleaves Embryonicroot Cotyledons COMMON BEAN (DICOT) Fruit tissue Cotyledon Seed coat Endosperm Embryonicshoot Embryonicleaf Embryonicroot Sheath Figure 31.11B CORN (MONOCOT)

  11. Plants: Monocots vs Dicots

  12. Plants: Flowering Plant Reproduction Anther • The angiosperm flower is a reproductive shoot consisting of • sepals • petals • stamen • carpels Carpel Stigma Ovary Stamen Ovule Sepal Petal Figure 31.9A

  13. Plants: • Stamens - malereproductive organs of plants • Pollen grains develop in anthers, at the tips of stamens • Carpels - female reproductive organs of plants • Ovary at the base of the carpel has ovule

  14. Ovary, containingovule • Life cycle of angiosperm involves several stages Embryo Fruit,containing seed Seed Mature plant withflowers, wherefertilization occurs Seedling Germinating seed Figure 31.9B

  15. Figure 31.10

  16. Plants: The ovule develops into a seed • After fertilization, ovule becomes seed • Fertilized egg inside seed - embryo • Other fertilized cell - endosperm, stores food for the embryo • Resistant seed coat protects the embryo and endosperm

  17. Triploid cell OVULE Zygote Two cells Cotyledons Endosperm Seed coat Shoot Embryo Root SEED Figure 31.11A

  18. Seed dormancy is an important evolutionary adaptation in which growth and development are suspended temporarily • It allows time for a plant to disperse its seeds • It increases the chance that a new generation of plants will begin growing only when environmental conditions favor survival

  19. Plant: Asexual Reproduction • Asexual reproduction: • Bulbs: parts of root split and form new bulb (ex. tulip) • Tubers: modified underground stem have buds (ex. potato) • Runners: plant stem run above ground (ex. Strawberry) • Rhizomes: woody underground stem (ex. Iris)

  20. STRAWBERRYPLANT • runners, asexual reproduction • rhizomes, plant growth and food storage • tubers, food storage as starch Runner • Modified stems include POTATOPLANT Rhizome IRISPLANT Rhizome Tuber Taproot Root Figure 31.4B

  21. Asexual runners Figure 31.14D

  22. Plant: Asexual Reproduction • Vegetative propagation: cuttings or bits of tissue increase agricultural productivity • But it can also reduce genetic diversity • Cutting: cut stem form roots • Layering: bent stem touching ground form roots • Grafting: stock of one grafted on stem (scion) of another

  23. Plants: Shoot and Root System • Root system • Provides anchorage • Absorbs and transports minerals and water • Stores food • Shoot system • Consists of stems, leaves, and flowers in angiosperms • Stems: located above ground and support leaves and flowers • Leaves: main sites of photosynthesis in most plants

  24. Plant: Cell Structure

  25. Plants: 3 Tissue Systems • Instead of organs, plants have roots, stems, and leaves are made of three tissue systems • The epidermis • The vascular tissue system • The ground tissue system

  26. PLANTS: Epidermis and Vascular Tissue • The epidermis covers and protects the plant • The cuticle is a waxy coating secreted by epidermal cells that helps the plant retain water • The vascular tissue contains xylem and phloem • It provides support and transports water and nutrients • Xy: high (water) Phlo: lo (nutrients) • Rise of water: transpiration pull, capillary action, root pressure

  27. Phloem transports food molecules made by photosynthesis Figure 32.5B

  28. Figure 32.3

  29. Plants: Vascular & Ground Tissue • Vascular tissue: • Xylem: inside, bring water up; usually dead cells act as tube • Phloem: outside bundle, brings nutrients down • Pith: storage and structure • Cambium: growth tissue – divide into xylem and phloem (2nd growth) • The ground tissue system functions mainly in storage and photosynthesis

  30. Xylem VASCULARTISSUESYSTEM Phloem Epidermis GROUNDTISSUESYSTEM Cortex Endodermis Figure 31.6B

  31. These microscopic cross sections of a dicot and a monocot indicate several differences in their tissue systems Figure 31.6C

  32. Epidermis: stomata (singular, stoma) surrounded by guard cells – regulate opening/closing of stomata • Three tissue systems in dicot leaves Figure 31.6D

  33. Ground tissue system of a leaf – mesophyll, site of photosynthesis Figure 31.6D

  34. Vascular tissue: xylem and phloem Figure 31.6D

  35. Plants: Guard cells control transpiration • Guard cells: control transpiration • Opening and closing of stomata - adaptation to help plants regulate water content / adjust to changing environmental conditions Guard cells H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O H2O K+ H2O Vacuole H2O H2O H2O Stoma opening Stoma closing Figure 32.4

  36. Plant Growth: Primary vs Secondary • Most plants continue to grow as long as they live (as opposed to animals that stop growing) • Two types of growth: - primary growth (length) - secondary growth (width)

  37. Plants: Primary Growth • Growth from tissue meristems • Meristems: unspecialized, dividing cells (like our stem cells) • Apical meristems: tips of roots and stems and terminal buds ; length growth • Primary growth (length growth) - new cell productions

  38. Terminal bud Axillary buds Arrows =directionof growth Roottips Figure 31.7A

  39. Vascularcylinder Cortex Epidermis DIFFERENTIATION Root hair ELONGATION Cellulosefibers CELLDIVISION Apical meristemregion Rootcap Figure 31.7B

  40. Plants: Secondary growth • Secondary growth: Increase in a plant's width • Lateral meristem (also called cambium): • Vascular cambium (located between xylem and phloem) • Cork cambium (not in grasses or herbs, but found in woody dicots, ex. oaks)

  41. Vascular cambium thickens stem by adding layers of secondary xylem, or wood, next to its inner surface • Also produces secondary phloem- tissue of bark • Cork cambium produces protective cork cells located in bark

  42. Figure 31.8A

  43. Plants: Secondary Growth • Everything outside vascular cambium – bark • Secondary phloem • Cork cambium • Protective cork cells

  44. Woody log result of several years of secondary growth (inside “dead”; outside “growing”) Sapwood Rings Woodrays Heartwood Sapwood Vascular cambium Secondary phloem Cork cambium Bark Cork Heartwood Figure 31.8B

  45. Plant: Behavior = Tropism • Plant behavior: • Phototropism • Gravitropism • Geotropism • thigmotropism Figure 33.1A

  46. It may result from auxin moving from the illuminated side to the shaded side of a stem • Phototropism is the bending toward light Figure 33.1A

  47. Gravitropism is a response to gravity Figure 33.9A

  48. Responsible for coiling of tendrils and vines around objects • Enables plants to use other objects for support while growing toward sunlight • Thigmotropism - response to touch Figure 33.9B

  49. Phototropism Shadedside ofshoot Light Illuminatedside ofshoot Figure 33.1B

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