SOL USII.4b: Immigration and the Growth of Cities

1. Lisa Pennington Social Studies Instructional SpecialistPortsmouth Public Schools SOL USII.4b: Immigration and the Growth of Cities

2. Vocabulary • Immigrant: a person who comes to another country to live and work. • Oppressive: limiting the rights and freedoms of individuals. • Specialization: concentration on the manufacture of a particular product. • Division of labor: each person does one specific part of the whole process.

3. Essential Understandings • Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

4. Reasons for Increased Immigration http://www.edu.pe.ca/southernkings/Pictures/plain1.jpg • Hope for better opportunity • Religious freedom • Escape from oppressive governments • Adventure

5. Essential Understandings: Why cities developed • Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

6. Reasons why Cities Developed • Specialized industries including steel (Pittsburgh) and meat packing (Chicago). • Immigration from other countries. • Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities. http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/steelmill%20pitts.jpg Pittsburgh steel mill.

7. Cities with Specialized Industries • Pittsburgh: steel • Chicago: meat packing • Boston: textiles • New York City: clothing • Cleveland: steel • Gary: steel • Philadelphia: ship building • Western Pennsylvania: oil http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/GB-7925.jpg http://www.marinelog.com/IMAGESMMVI/akerfloatout.jpg

8. Vocabulary • Political machine: a party organization headed by a single boss or group that commands enough votes to maintain political control of a city, county, or state. • Urbanization: growth in cities. • Tenement: a building made up of many apartments. • Ghetto: a specific area in a city where an ethnic group of similar culture, religion, and language lives.

9. Vocabulary • Industrial Revolution: change in production methods from human to machine power. • Entrepreneur: a person who takes a risk to establish a business. • Factors of production: labor, capital, natural resources, and a transportation system to move the finished product to markets.

10. Essential Knowledge • Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements. • Challenges faced by cities include tenements and ghettos and political corruption (political machines). http://edweb.sdsu.edu/ltca/Industrial/crowdedcity.jpg

11. Essential Knowledge • Inventions had both positive and negative effects on society. • Inventions contributed to great change and industrial growth.

12. Inventions http://www.wrvmuseum.org/morsecode/images/samuel_morse_telegraph.jpg • The development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse. • Lighting and mechanical uses of electricity by Thomas Edison (light bulb and phonograph). http://blogs.abcnews.com/scienceandsociety/images/edison_light_bulb.jpg

13. Inventions • Telephone service developed by Alexander Graham Bell. • Typewriter invented by Christopher Sholes. http://www.solarnavigator.net/inventors/inventor_images/alexander_graham_bell_1876_speaking_into_telephone.jpg http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/education/museum/images/pictures/artifacts3_big.jpg

14. Inventions • Atlantic cable developed by Cyrus Field. • George Eastman creates an affordable camera (Kodak). http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/~macvicar/KelvinWWW/images/14%20Atlantic%20cable%201857%20GLAHM%20113450.jpg http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/images/kodak88l.gif

15. Inventions • Cable cars invented by Andrew Hallidie. • Electric street railroad invented by Frank Sprague. • Invention of the gas powered automobile by the Duryea brothers. http://www.cable-car-guy.com/images/tacoma_003.jpg http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/01/auto_bday/image/car_right.jpg

16. Inventions • George Pullman invented the sleeping car. • George Westinghouse invents the air brake. • Elijah McCoy invents a device that oils engines. http://www.chicagohs.org/history/pullman/gif/01sleep.jpg

17. Essential Understandings • Population changes, growth of cities and new inventions produced reform situations that sought to provide services to crowded immigrant neighborhoods and remedy poverty.

18. Vocabulary • Settlement houses: community centers in urban areas established by social and religious workers to meet the needs of people in poor neighborhoods. • Hull House: a settlement house in Chicago established in 1889 by Jane Addams. • Tammany Hall: a political machine run by New York Democrats; Boss Tweed was the leader.

19. Efforts to solve immigration problems • Settlement houses, such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams • Political machines that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants (e.g., jobs, housing) http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/images/landmarks/h/hull1a.gif

20. Discrimination against immigrants • Chinese and Irish immigrants, as well as other groups such as American Indians were discriminated against in several ways: • Dawes Act of 1887: Native Americans were ordered to become educated, to become citizens, and not to sell their land for 25 years. • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882: banned immigration from China for 10 years. • Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1908: limited the number of Japanese immigrants to the United States. • Irish immigrants: suffered discrimination because of their Catholic religion.

21. Think About It… • Why did immigration increase? • Why did cities develop? • What inventions created great change and industrial growth in the United States? • What challenges faced Americans as a result of social and technological changes?