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From marker assisted selection to whole genomic selection in pig breeding

From marker assisted selection to whole genomic selection in pig breeding. ----Can we bring bacon home by DNA markers?. Ning Li China Agricultural University 2007 年 12 月 19 日.

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From marker assisted selection to whole genomic selection in pig breeding

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  1. From marker assisted selection to whole genomic selection in pig breeding ----Can we bring bacon home by DNA markers? Ning Li China Agricultural University 2007年12月19日

  2. Genetic Improvement is the rate of improvement in profitability of a customer’s enterprise due to changes in gene frequency

  3. 改良猪种的关键 遗传基础 品种选育 种质扩繁

  4. 遗传基础 基因与基因组 定位、表达、调控 优质基因集成 高通量诊断、预测 育种理论 优质基因扩散 授精、移植、克隆 21世纪猪品种改良科学问题

  5. 全基因组选择时代来临? • 猪全基因组序列测定计划 • 从“组学”到系统生物学 • 猪全基因组SNP图谱计划 • 高通量测序与基因型分析技术 • 标记染色体区段的遗传效应 • 标记、基因和全基因组选择 • 整合全基因组选择的策略 • 新的猪育种时代的机遇与挑战

  6. porcine genome project • the “Sino-Danish Pig Genome Project” has published pig genome sequence with < 1X coverage, plus 1 million ESTs • International Pig Genome Sequencing Project is going on well and will be complete in December 2008 Sus_scrofa-7-MHC Sus_scrofa-17-H20q13

  7. Swine Genome Sequencing Consortium Jonathon Beever / Lawrence Schook University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alan Archibald Roslin Institute, Edinburgh Patrick Chardon / Denis Milan INRA, France Merete Fredholm KVL, Copenhagen Barbara Harlizius / Martien Groenen Netherlands Institute for Pig Genetics Hirohide Uenishi National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences Sung-Jong Oh National Livestock Research Institute, Korea Max Rothschild Iowa State University Craig Beattie University of Nevada Gary Rohrer ARS-USDA Bin Liu Beijing Genomics Institute F. Abel Ponce de Leon U. of Minnesota Mark Boggess National Pork Board Joe Cassady North Carolina State University US / EU / Japan / China / Korea

  8. 高通量DNA测序时代 • Solexa (illumina):杂交 25-75 mer, 8 x 1Gb/day--- 96 x 1Gb/day 测序速度提高12-15倍,价格降低100倍 • ABI 450(ABI):末端延伸 400-500 bp, 12x1Gb/day 测序速度提高20-30倍,价格降低100倍 1天1台仪器就可以测定猪全部基因组序列

  9. 基因组序列测定带来的革命 • 大工程时代一去而不复返。测序不再是高深莫测的技术和富人俱乐部; • 个人基因组测序时代的到来。Watson、Venter和“炎黄一号”的序列已经测定; • 价格剧降30亿-300万-10万-1万------0.1万US$。目前中国,40-50万-------1-3万RMB; • 个体化基因组序列信息带来的革命。 ★ 要求高通量的运算能力 ★ 剖析DNA变异(SNP)的生物意义 ★ 利用的领域和方法(药物、治疗、育种)

  10. Epigenetics

  11. 表观遗传的改变决定着个体发育与环境的互作 一个基因组无数表观基因组 生殖细胞 免疫细胞 脂肪细胞 肌肉细胞 完全相同的基因组 生殖细胞 表观基因组 免疫细胞 表观基因组 脂肪细胞 表观基因组 肌肉细胞 表观基因组

  12. 表观遗传(Epigenetics)的内涵 Epigenetics:Heritiable alterations in chromatin structure can govern gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. 一种以简单的化学修饰形式存在于遗传信息系统(DNA、组蛋白)之“上”,能与遗传信息联合而发挥作用,并且能部分遗传的“隐藏”信息形式。 • 遗传信息的扩容:增加了仅占基因组极少部分的编码区的复杂性 • 基因表达的调控:在更高的层次精细地调节基因的表达(质与量)

  13. 动物表观遗传系统

  14. Genotype-Epigenotype-Phenotype Epigenetic regulation

  15. Micro-RNA Biogenesis Pathway (Kosik, Nature Review, Vol 7, pp 911, December 2006)

  16. Science, 1 March 2002 "Systems Biology" Vol. 295, 1589-1780

  17. Genetics &Environments Interaction Dynamics  Organism Cell  Tissue  Organ Genomics Whole genome sequence Transcriptomics Proteomics Epigenetics Gene structure prediction Whole transcripts Glycomics Non-coding RNA Metabolomics) … … ? Post-transcription regulation ? ? • Protein glycosylation Metabolism distributions Translation mRNA … ? Post-translation modification ? Protein turnover Prediction Network Phenome Intergrative Systematic Biology

  18. Integrating ‘omic’ information

  19. Breeding Innovation Germplasm Genomics Genetic Improvement Distribution, Health, Service, & Support

  20. Characterisation of genetic variation in the pig breeds of China and Europe to facilitate the maintenance and exploitation of biodiversity PigBioDiv 2(QLRT-2001-01059) 2003 - 2006 Co-ordinators: Professor Ning Li (China Agricultural University) Dr Sarah Blott (Sygen International plc)

  21. Science 307: 1618, 2005

  22. 中国家猪单倍型分布的地理特征

  23. What it is said ? Y染色体序列构建的进化树 • 中国家猪单倍型的分布存在显著的地理特征 • 欧氏野猪(Sus scrofa)是中国猪种与欧洲猪种的共同祖先 • 中国现有家猪品系是多起源的,浙江和江西两省是在进化年代上最近的也是最大的中国家猪的驯化中心与起源地 • 中国猪种最早祖先的年龄大约为15980±7255年,而中国当代绝大多数家猪品种则形成于大约3524±2938年

  24. MAS/GAS • Genetic Markers: Identify DNA markers or polymorphisms in genome or genes that are associated with changes in genetic merit; • Marker assisted selection (MAS, markers including non-functional DNA or associated genes) or gene assisted selection (GAS, function determined against different genetic background ) to make selection decisions before phenotypes are available; • Adjust genetic merit for markers or genes in the genetic evaluation system。

  25. MAS&GAS优点 • 突破限性性状(产仔数、阴疝等)、屠体性状(瘦肉率、屠宰率等)、抗病性状(特殊抗病率等)、后表达性状(利用年限); • 缩短世代间隔(可以在出生时选择); • 不受环境影响(DNA分子鉴定准确); • 增加选种准确性(常规育种基础上+标记或基因信息),加快遗传进展

  26. 影响猪重要经济性状的基因 • 产仔数 • 日增重 • 背膘厚 • 屠宰品质 • 遗传抗性 • 毛色 健康(health)性状是发达国家最受关注的性状!

  27. Nature .425,832-836( 2003)

  28. 毛色基因 kit Mc1R Agouti tandem duplication skipping of exon 17

  29. PSE肉的分子机理:兰诺丁受体(RYR1)基因的 一个C-T碱基的错义突变

  30. 基因诊断 PCR-RFLP/PCR-SSCP HhaI(HinflI) 5’-GCG C-3’ BsiHKAI(HgiAI) 5’-GTAGCTA C-3’ 全球20亿美元损失

  31. RN基因 • High frequency in Hampshire pigs. • Increase ~70% in muscle glycogen content. • Negative effects on ham processing yield and pork quality. • Mapped on chromosome 15 (Milan et. al., 1996;Mariani et al., 1996). • Causative mutation for RN- in the Protein Kinase AMP-Activated Gamma 3 subunit (PRKAG3) gene (Milan et al., 2000).

  32. RN基因 A Mutation in PRKAG3 Associated with Excess Glycogen Content in Pig Skeletal Muscle

  33. lower marbling scores TG associates with marbling score Thyroglobulin gene greater marbling scores heterozygotes show intermediate scores Search for links between variation in traits and genes The markers were commercialised by Genetic Solutions P/L, a Brisbane-based genetic information company that has developed and validated the commercial testing process and now offers these and a genetic advisory service in Australia. The technology is also licensed by Genetic Solutions to the United States where the market is expanding. A number of other markers for marbling and also for tenderness have now been commercialized.

  34. The FSHb-ESR haplotypes determinated by multiplex PCR ABAB BBAB AABB ABAA BBBB AAAB AAAA BBAA ABBB AAAB ABAB Marker

  35. DNA诊断改良的潜力 • 瘦肉率5-10% (3-5标记) • 产仔数 3-5头 (3-8标记) • 日增重 1200g (4-7标记) • 体重130-150kg(5-8标记) • 肌间脂肪2.5倍(3-6标记) Monsanto, CuraGen, AniGenics

  36. 可以利用15,000分子标记,评估37个奶牛生产性状。可以利用15,000分子标记,评估37个奶牛生产性状。 每头牛每年遗传进展从6$提高到10$,将来可达16.5$。

  37. 全基因组选择的优点 • 拥有分子标记选择的全部优点 限性性状、屠体性状、世代间隔、客观准确等 • 不需要进行性能测定 因为把基因组划分成2-100万个片段,可以把每个染色体区段遗传贡献数量化 没有性能测定(本身、后裔等)的工作量,育种的主要成本没有了 • 革命性技术可能导致结构性改变 1. 性能测定站将集中,商品场猪性能可利用 2. 巨型分子(基因组型)鉴定中心+选种信息处理中心 3. 育种工作将集中,育种公司将兼并一统

  38. 全基因组选择的前提 • 染色体区段(单体型)遗传效应(贡献)可以准确计算和定义; • 不利互作效应-基因网络可以初步预测; • 全基因组型(全部单体型)分子鉴定成本(目前,20,000/500US$------100US$); • 系统生物信息育(选)种值—整合全部信息的计算软件; • 随着环境(全球升温)、饲养、疫病、市场要求等变化,每隔一段时间,就要重新定义染色体效应;

  39. 目前现有仪器的通量每天 能分析1000-2000个SNP 100万头以上的优良基因型分析 1300万头种猪更新 5亿头生猪存栏 分子育种从实验室到育种场 需要的通量是目前 的1000倍以上 由此将带来百亿元以上的收入

  40. A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H K K M M N N Gene typing DNA chips 父亲 a b c d e f g h k m n 母亲 • 高通量的基因诊断 • “超级”个体的选择 1/Mn概率选测 • 遗传资源保存利用 100000n组合类型 • 配套系的组合筛选 全排列组合预测 飞行质谱可在1天测定10,000基因型(1000头猪x100个基因)

  41. Raw Data (.CEL files) generated on scanner 关键技术平台---高通量SNP分析技术 Vs Affymetrix公司 MegAllele技术 Illumina公司 BeadArray 技术 世界上通量最高的SNP分析技术

  42. 在实际育种中应用分子标记 或功能基因改良的成功范例

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