Plans for Reconstruction

1. Plans for Reconstruction

2. Objectives • Explain why a plan was needed for Reconstruction of the South. • Compare the Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and Congress. • Discuss Johnson’s political difficulties and impeachment.

3. Terms and People • Reconstruction – program implemented by the federal government between 1865 and 1877 to repair damage to the South caused by the Civil War and restore the southern states to the Union • Radical Republicans – Congressmen who advocated full citizenship rights for African Americans along with a harsh Reconstruction policy towards the South • Wade-Davis Bill – required that a majority of prewar voters in the Confederate states swear loyalty to the Union before restoration could begin

4. Freedmen’s Bureau – federal agency designed to aid freed slaves and poor white farmers in the South after the Civil War Andrew Johnson – Lincoln’s Vice President; became President after Lincoln’s assassination black code – law passed in southern states restricting the freedoms of African Americans Civil Rights Act of 1866 – law that established federal guarantees of civil rights for all citizens Terms and People(continued)

5. Fourteenth Amendment – 1868 constitutional amendment which defined citizenship and guarantees citizens equality under the law impeach – accusation against a public official of wrong-doing in office Fifteenth Amendment – 1870 constitutional amendment that guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude Terms and People(continued)

6. How did the Radical Republicans’ plans for Reconstruction differ from Lincoln’s and Johnson’s? Radical Republicans wanted to punish the South for slavery and for the war itself. Both Lincoln and Johnson wanted the southern states to be brought back into the Union quickly, using less punitive measures. The issues and results of Reconstruction had consequences for generations to come.

7. When the war ended, the South was in ruins. • homes were burned • businesses closed • properties abandoned • freed African Americans lacked full citizenship and the means to make a living Richmond, Virginia

8. to help the South rejoin the Union • to rebuild the South’s shattered economy • to create laws to protect freed African Americans A plan of Reconstruction for the South was formed.

9. To many Americans, the most important issue was deciding the fate of the Confederate states. There were conflicting opinions. Try Confederate leaders for treason. Pardon Confederate leaders to begin healing immediately. The President should lead the process. Congress should lead Reconstruction. States should satisfy certain stipulations before rejoining. States should be allowed to rejoin with as few conditions as possible.

10. With the South’s economy destroyed, land became the most valuable asset. Who should control it was hotly debated. Forty acres and a mule • Some northerners proposed the federal government should redistribute the land to former slaves. • The plan sought to revitalize the South’s economy and provide income for African Americans. Southern landowners fought government redistribution of their land. Many northerners felt the confiscation of property violated the Constitution.

11. African Americans were freed from slavery, but their rights were not guaranteed. • They did not have full citizenship. • They could not vote. • They did not have access to education.

12. Lincoln and the Radical Republicans in Congress were at odds in their proposals to rebuild the South.

13. Lincoln and the Radical Republicans agreed to establish the Freedmen’s Bureau. The newly-formed organizationhelped feed, clothe, and educate blacks and whites in the South.

14. After Lincoln’s death, President Andrew Johnson wanted to restore the status of the southern states. • He pardoned any Confederate who swore allegiance to the Union and the Constitution. • Each Southern state needed to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment.

15. By December 1865, most southern states had met Johnson’s requirements for readmission to the Union. • All southern states instituted black codes. • Many states specifically limited the vote to white men. • Some states sent Confederate officials to Congress. During the required state conventions, however, southern states tried to rebuild their prewar world.

16. Political tensions boiled up in Congress. • Newly arriving southern state representatives were not seated. • A committee was created to investigate how former slaves were being treated.

17. The South’s disregard of Reconstruction efforts angered moderates and Radical Republicans. In response, Congress passed new legislation over President Johnson’s veto. The legislation included • the Civil Rights Act of 1866. • the Fourteenth Amendment. • the division of the South into five military districts.

18. The Fourteenth Amendment, 1868 • Equality under the law for all citizens • States that refused to allow black people to vote would risk losing seats in the House of Representatives • Confederate officials could not hold federal or state offices

19. Johnson’s opponents failed by one Senate vote to remove him from office. President Johnson continued to veto and work against congressional legislation. Eventually, the House voted to impeach Johnson.

20. The Fifteenth Amendment, 1870 Under a new President, Ulysses S. Grant, Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment. No citizen can be denied the right to vote because of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”