“Sociology has only one independent variable, class.” (Stinchcombe, quoted in Wright, 1979, p.3)

1. EDM 6210Education Policy and SocietyLecture 7Education Policy and Social Differentiation:The Class-Structure Analysis

2. “One of the objects of class theory has been to identify the principal line of social cleavage within a given system ——the structural ‘fault’ running through society to which the most serious disturbances on the political landscape are thought to be ultimately traceable.” (Parkin, 1979, p.3)

3. “Sociology has only one independent variable, class.”(Stinchcombe, quoted in Wright, 1979, p.3)

4. Class Analysis

5. Class Structure Analysis: Formulation of the Problem Three approaches to structure of class inequality • Gradational approach to class structure • Relational approach to class structure • Weberian structure of class relation • Marxist structure of class relation • Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of social space

6. MarxistClass Structure Analysis

7. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Marx’s Legacy on Class (Wright, 1985, p.6)

9. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright’s formulation of Marxist class analysis agenda • Two dimensions of class analysis • Theoretical objects of class analysis • Levels of abstraction • The research agenda of the Analytical Marxists

10. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright’s formulation of Marxist class analysis agenda • The research agenda of the Analytical Marxists

12. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright’s conception of contradictory class location (1979) • Re-conceptualization of class relation • Economic ownership of means of production • Possession of means of production • Control over physical means of production • Control over the labor power of others • The class structure with contradictory class locations in advanced capitalism

13. (Wright, 1979, p.75)

14. (Wright, 1979, p.76)

15. (Wright, 1975, p.63) (Wright, 1979, p.76)

16. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright’s conception of assets of exploitation (1985) • Re-conceptualization of class relation • Relation of means of production • Relation of authority • Relation of scarce skills

17. (Wright, 1985, p.83)

18. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright’s conception of assets of exploitation (1985) • Re-conceptualization of class relation • Relation of means of production • Relation of authority • Relation of scarce skills • Three-dimensional class structure in advanced capitalism

19. (Wright, 1997, p.24)

20. (Wright, 1997, p.25)

21. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright and Burawoy’s conception of class reproduction • Class reproduction: The fundamental question in class analysis “What are the mechanisms that explain the capacity of capitalists to actually appropriate surplus labor from workers? …How is it…that capitalists manage to get workers to perform sufficient actual labor effort to produce a profit above the cost (wages) of that labor-power?”

22. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright and Burawoy’s conception of class reproduction • Bowles and Gintis’s thesis of “Contested Exchange” • The threats of being fired • Surveillance • Bureaucratic control • Fordism: Deshilling and intensification of work • Neo-Fordism • Post-Fordism • Wages : Cost of losing the job • Trade-off between surveillance and wages

24. Marist’s Class Structure Analysis • Wright and Burawoy’s conception of class reproduction • Wright and Burawoy’s two-dimension mechanism • Cognitive mechanisms underlying explanation of behavioral compliance • Strategic rationality • Behavioral norms • Evaluative norms • Immediate rational basis for behavioral compliance • Domination • Asymmetrical reciprocity

25. (Wright, 1994, p.76)

26. WeberianClass Structure Analysis

27. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Giddens’ theory of class structuration and basic constituents of Weberians’ class structure analysis • Class structuration as “process whereby economic classes become social classes” (Giddens, 1981, p. 105)

28. “We speak of a class when (1) a number of people have a common and specific causal component of their life chances, in so far as (2) this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and (3) is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor markets. This is class situation…. Class situation is, in this sense, ultimately market situation.” (Weber, 1978, p. 927-28)

30. “A ‘social class’ makes up the totality of those class situations within which individual and generational mobility is easy and typical” (Weber, 1978, p.302). “A ‘social class’ exists only when these class situations cluster together in such a way as to create a common nexus of social interchange between individuals” (Giddens, 1982, p. 49)

31. Social Classes (Weber, 1978, p. 305)

32. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Giddens’ theory of class structuration and basic constituents of Weberians’ class structure analysis • Class structuration as “process whereby economic classes become social classes” (Giddens, 1981, p. 105) • Construction of socioeconomic index as measures of economic class • Mobility-table analysis as measures of social class • Status attainment analysis as measures of class structuration

33. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Socioeconomic status measure • Constituents of SES measure: Occupation, education and income Occup = ß0 + ß1 Edu + ß2 Inc + r • Duncan’s socioeconomic index • Nam and Powers’s approach to SES measure

35. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Social mobility analysis • Class schema • Duncan’s 17-category class schema • Class schema of the Oxford Social Mobility Group

37. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Social mobility analysis • Class schema • Duncan’s 17-category class schema • Class schema of the Oxford Social Mobility Group • The structure of the mobility table

38. The Structure of Mobility Table

39. The Structure of Mobility Table Downward Mobility Class Inherit Upward Mobility

40. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Class structuration in Hong Kong • Construction a SES index for Hong Kong

42. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Class structuration in Hong Kong • Construction a SES index for Hong Kong • In search of the class schema for HK

44. Weberians’ Class Structure Analysis • Class structuration in Hong Kong • Construction a SES index for Hong Kong • In search of the class schema for HK • Mobility-table analysis of HK