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Slides Shown Monday Oct. 06 2008

Slides Shown Monday Oct. 06 2008. Figure 2.15: Space-filling model of the methane molecule. Figure 2.17 : Ball-and-stick model. Chemical Compounds and Bonds. Chemical Bonds - The electrostatic forces that hold the atoms of elements together in the compound.

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Slides Shown Monday Oct. 06 2008

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  1. Slides Shown Monday Oct. 06 2008

  2. Figure 2.15: Space-filling model of the methane molecule

  3. Figure 2.17 : Ball-and-stick model

  4. Chemical Compounds and Bonds Chemical Bonds - The electrostatic forces that hold the atoms of elements together in the compound. Covalent Compounds - Electrons are shared between atoms of different elements to form Covalent Cpds. Ionic Compounds - Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form Ionic Cpds. “Cations” - Metal atoms lose electrons to form “ + ” ions. “Anions” - Nonmetal atoms gain electrons to form “ - ” ions. Mono-atomic ions form binary ionic compounds

  5. Molecular model: Electron transferred from sodium to chlorine (neutral sodium to neutral sodium ion)

  6. Molecular model: Electron added to chlorine (neutral chlorine to chloride ion)

  7. Figure 2.18 : Sodium metal reacts with chlorine gas

  8. Na/Cl arrangement

  9. Figure 2.20: Ball-and-stick models of the ammonium ion and nitrate ion.

  10. Definitions • ELEMENT - A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means • COMPOUND - A substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions • PERIODIC TABLE - “MENDELEEV TABLE” - A tabular arrangement of the elements, vertical groups or families of elements based upon their chemical properties - actually combining ratios with oxygen

  11. The Periodic Table of the Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Metals Semi - metals Metalloids Non Metals

  12. Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr The Periodic Table of the Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds The Halogens The Alkali Metals The Alkaline Earth Metals The Noble Gases

  13. Samples of the alkali metals Source: Tom Pantages

  14. Three members of the halogen family Source: Tom Pantages

  15. The Periodic Table of the Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Boron family Nitrogen family Carbon Family Oxygen Family

  16. The Periodic Table of the Elements H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Ds Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt The Transition Metals Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Lanthanides: The Rare Earth Elements The Actinides

  17. Groups in the Periodic Table Main Group Elements (Vertical Groups) Group IA - Alkali Metals Group IIA - Alkaline Earth Metals Group IIIA - Boron Family Group IVA - Carbon Family Group VA - Nitrogen Family Group VIA - Oxygen Family (Calcogens) Group VIIA - Halogens Group VIIIA - Noble Gases Other Groups ( Vertical and Horizontal Groups) Group IB - 8B - Transition Metals Period 6 Group -Lanthanides (Rare Earth Elements) Period 7 Group - Actinides

  18. The periodic table continues to expand as new elements are synthesized

  19. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  20. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  21. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  22. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  23. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  24. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  25. The Periodic Table of the Elements H Date of Discovery of the Elements He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 111 Ds Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1850 - 1900 1700 - 1750 Before 1600 1750 - 1800 1900 - 1950 1600 - 1700 1800 - 1850 1950 - 2000

  26. Newly Discovered Elements 1994 Revised IUPAC Slate Atomic No. ACS Slate IUPAC Slate 104 Rutherfordium Dubnium Rutherfordium 105 Hahnium Joliotium Dubnium 106 Seaborgium Rutherfordium Seaborgium 107 Neilsbohrium Bohrium Bohrium 108 Hassium Hahnium Hassium 109 Meitnerium Meitnerium Meitnerium 110 DarmstadiumDarmstadiumDarmstadium 111 ? ? GSI Final Slate 9/12/04 112 ? ? GSI

  27. The Periodic Table of the Elements H He “1997- 2004” Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Mt Ds Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

  28. The Periodic Table of the Elements Most Probable Oxidation State +1 0 +2 +3 +_4 - 3 - 2 - 1 H He Li Be B C N O F Ne +3 +4 +5 +1 + 2 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Kr Rb Sr Zr Nb Ag I Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Xe Y Cd In Sn Sb Te Ba Au Hg W Re Os Ir Pt Rn Cs La Hf Ta Tl Pb Bi Po At Mt Ds Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs +3 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr +3

  29. Common Monatomic Cations and Anions Cation Name Anion Name H+ hydrogen H- hydride Li+ lithium F- fluoride Na+ sodium Cl- chloride K+ potassium Br- bromide Cs+ cesium I- iodide Be2+ beryllium O2- oxide Mg2+ magnesium S2- sulfide Ca2+ calcium N3- nitride Ba2+ barium P3- phosphide Al3+ aluminum Ag+ silver Zn2+ zinc

  30. Common Type II Cations Ion Systematic Name Alternate Name Fe3+ iron (III) ferric Fe2+ iron (II) ferrous Cu2+ copper (II) cupric Cu+ copper (I) cuprous Co3+ cobalt (III) cobaltic Co2+ cobalt (II) cobaltous Sn4+ tin (IV) stannic Sn2+ tin (II) stannous Pb4+ lead (IV) plumbic Pb2+ lead (II) plumbous Hg2+ mercury (II) mercuric Hg22+ * mercury (I) mercurous *Note that mercury (I) ions always occur bound together to form Hg22+

  31. Crystals of copper (II) sulfate

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