The English “ Transplantations ”

1. The English “Transplantations” Chapter 2 SCSS - 1

2. Aims • “Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. Why did this difference in development occur?” (1993 A.P. Document-Based Question). • Discuss the interaction between culture and environment in developing the American culture.

3. Chesapeake and Southern Colonies

4. Early Chesapeake-Founding of Jamestown (1607) London Company- Virginia Joint Stock Co- secured charter from James I for settlement in N. America • Gold and possible passage to Indies-seek immediate profits • Charter of VA Co- guaranteed settlers in N. America the same rights as British citizens • Jamestown settlers: • 100 male gentlemen; no females • Ill-equipped for life in N. America; disease • By 1608, 38/104 survived • John Smith- “He who shall not work, shall not eat;” organized raids • 2nd winter, fewer than a dozen died/200 • Summer 1609, returned to England Starving Time (1609-1610) • More settlers arrived out of desire to expand • Native Americans killed off livestock • 60/500 survived • Colonists ate “dogs, rats, snakes, toadstools, [and] horsehides,” and some robbed graves to eat corpses

5. Surviving Time • Series of harsh governors- instituted harsh military regime to restore order • Initiated war w/ Native Americans- sought to decimate, not assimilate population John Rolfe- grew tobacco economic basis for VA economy Impact of “King tobacco”/tobacco economy: • ^ European appetite for tobacco • Tobacco ruinous to soil- “soil butchery”Desire for land led to conflict w/ natives • Farming  plantation system • Headrights- meant to increase population (families) • Demanded labor force- indentured servants or African slaves? 1619- VA House of Burgesses- 1st representative legislature in American history; democratic self-rule; promised full English rights 1619- 1st African slaves brought to VA 1624- VA evolved into Royal Colony when charter revoked by untrusting James I

6. Indentured Servants • TREATMENT BY THEIR MASTERS: Indentured servants had few rights. They could not vote. Without the permission of their masters, they couldn’t marry, leave their houses or travel, nor buy or sell anything. Female indentured servants were often raped without legal recourse. Masters often whipped and beat their indentured servants. • WORK IN AMERICA: In the 1600s, most indentured servants were put to work in the tobacco fields of Virginia and Maryland. This was hard manual labor under the grueling hot summer sun, under which Europeans were not accustomed to working. Overseers were often cruel, beating the servants to make them work faster and harder. • AFTER CONTRACT WAS COMPLETED: Although many masters craftily figured out ways to extend an indentured servant's bondage (through accusing the servant of stealing, impregnating a female indenture servant, etc.), most indentured servants who survived the 4-7 yrs in America were freed. The master was required (depending upon the rules of the colony) to provide his former servant with the following: clothing, two hoes, three barrels of corn, and 50 acres of land.

7. Powhatan Wars • 1st Anglo-Powhatan War settled in 1614 w/ marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe (Powhatan refused to pay ransom) • Hostilities continued as land hungry Europeans raided Natives and vice versa (John Rolfe killed) • 2nd Anglo-Powhatan War of 1646 banished Chesapeake Indians from native lands and called for separate settlements for whites and Natives- reservation system • By 1685- Powhatans extinct • 3 D’s- disease, disorganization, and disposability • Native Americans move westward • Disease- brought destruction of native population and culture • Trading with N.A. and Europeans occurred firearms • Native tribes inland able to maintain autonomy from Europeans, or at least control contact

9. Virginia’s expansion and Bacon’s Rebellion A. Berkeley, the governor of Virginia, dominated VA’s society in the mid-1600s. He manipulated the House of Burgesses to restrict the vote to people who owned property, in effect cutting the # of voters in VA in half. The action angered backcountry and tenant farmers. Farmers had moved west due to the pop. growth in the east. B. Backcountry farmers wanted to expand their N.A. claimed. The wealthy planters ddin’t care about backcountry farmers and unwilling to risk conflict with the Native Americans, so they opposed expanding the colony. C. In 1675, war erupted between backcountry settlers and the Native Americans of the region. Gov. Berkeley’s refused military action against the Native Americans; angered the farmers. D. In 1676 backcountry farmers, under the leadership of a wealthy planter named Nathaniel Bacon, organized their own militia and attacked the Native Americans. It was the largest insurrection against established authority in the history of the colonies. E. In 1676 Bacon and several hundred armed followers traveled to Jamestown, charged Berkeley with corruption, and seized power. Berkeley fled Jamestown and raised his own army. In September 1676, the two armies fought for control of Jamestown. Bacon’s Rebellion ended when Bacon became sick and died. The Native Americans signed a new treaty in which they forfeited lands. F. Bacon’s Rebellion illustrated to Virginia’s wealthy planters that in order to keep Virginia society stable, backcountry farmers needed to have land available to them. It also increased the trend of purchasing enslaved Africans instead of indentured servants for working the plantations (to prevent white landless rebellion). At the same time, the English government adopted policies that encouraged slavery. In 1672 it granted a charter to the Royal African Company to engage in the slave trade.

10. Maryland-A Catholic Haven Maryland founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore as refuge for English Catholics • Died before he received a charter but his son fulfilled his dream • Sought to establish a Catholic foothold in N. America; eventually instituted headrights to encourage labor • MD—actually encompassed parts of DE, PA and VA • Developed tobacco economy; experienced no starving time or Indian assaults • MD depended upon indentured servants for labor and eventually switched to slave labor MD Religious Act of Toleration (1649): • Guaranteed religious toleration • No toleration for Jews and Atheists • Still plagued by religious conflicts between Protestants and Catholics

11. Growth of New England

12. Plymouth Plantation • Separatist Puritans fled persecution in England and moved to Holland in 1608 • Worked to secure agreement w/ VA Co, but missed destination Plymouth = squatter colony • Great Migration of 1620’s and 30’s- large # of people migrated from England to Americas- many to N. England • Mayflower Compact (1620)- agreement towards majority rule • Step towards self-government • Plymouth Rock cleared, former-Indian village; ½ perished during 1st winter • Native American relations not hostile; survival due to Indians (alliance with Wampanoags [Squanto]) • 1621- 1st“Thanksgiving” • Colony led by Gov. William Bradford • Colony thrived on fishing trade

13. Mayflower Compact and First Thanksgiving

14. Massachusetts Bay Experiment • “The Bible Commonwealth” • Secured charter from English King to settle colony in 1630 • Led by Governor John Winthrop- believed that colony would be religious experiment • “A City Upon a Hill”- mandated by God to build a holy society that would be a model for all mankind • Bible Commonwealth: • Bible- colony based on Puritan faith; religion guided lives • Commonwealth= pseudo- Democracy; right to vote reserved for “visible saints”/ freemen- males • New England Town Meeting- cradle for American democracy (direct democracy) • Grew quickly with capital (Boston) and other towns.

15. Life in Massachusetts Bay • Freemen- visible saints held the right to vote (40% of colony) • Puritan Church = Congregational Church • Established church- tax- supported by elect and commoners • Responsible to own community • Govt’s duty was to enforce religious laws (theocratic) • John Cotton- Preacher; interrogated those who underwent conversion • Protestant work ethic- calling to do God’s work on earth • Lived in fear of perpetual damnation (preaching hellfire)

16. Expansion • All non-conformists/dissenters were persecuted and/or exiled—they were not Puritan “saints” • Thomas Hooker- Hartford, CT; Fundamental Orders of CT (Constitution). Expanded voting rights to all free men • Anne Hutchinson- believed that holy life was no guarantee for salvation • Antinomianism- truly saved not need to follow man’s or God’s law • Convicted for heresy after admitting to direct revelation from God • Banished to Rhode Island (later moved to NY) • Many followers moved to NH and ME • Roger Williams- Providence, RI; extreme Separatist who was banished • Called for clean break with Anglican Church • Separation of church and state • Challenged the legality of the colony’s charter • Condemned govt for not compensating Indians for land • Denied authority of civil govt to regulate religious behavior

17. Rhode Island • “Rogues Island”- founded by Roger Williams in 1636 as refuge for religiously oppressed/outcasts • Complete religious toleration- including Jews and Catholics (for a time) • No tax supported church • “Home of the otherwise minded” • Simple manhood suffrage • Although began as squatter colony, received charter from England

18. New Hampshire • Settled by others who left Massachusetts. • Land was granted to two men, Sir Fernando Gorges and Captain John Mason. Mason controlled New Hampshire; Gorges’s territory was Maine. Massachusetts claimed both, but in 1677 and English court ruled against Massachusetts. • New Hampshire became a royal colony, and Massachusetts later bought Maine (not “Maine” again until 1820).

19. Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams

20. Puritans vs. Native Americans • Pre-Plymouth epidemic brought by English fisherman • Local Wampanoag Indians made treaty with Pilgrims and celebrated with them in 1621** • Squanto served as intermediary • Crucial in assisting Puritans; trade partners • Tensions develop-encroachment, overhunting • Pequot War (1637)- CT; competition over trade with Dutch and land. Initiated period of 4 decades of warfare b/w Puritans and Native Americans • Mild policy of assimilation and Christianizing followed war • King Philip’s War- Led by Metacomet, Native Americans united for purpose of halting colonial encroachment on lands • Although war impeded progress, New England Native Americans virtually annihilated and disbanded

21. Metacomet/King Philip by Paul Revere

22. Restoration Colonies • With Restoration of English Monarchy (Stuarts) in 1660, England sought to re-establish firm control on American colonies; Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania • **Proprietary-point to increase wealth and power of private investors; no major money to be made by charter companies

23. Middle

24. New Amsterdam • Henry Hudson founded New Netherlands in 1609 in search of NW passage to Indies • Dutch also settled in West Indies • New Amsterdam (NY) established in 1624 for trading post for fur trade • Manhattan island purchased for $24.00 • Life in New Amsterdam: • No liberal freedoms- religion, speech, or press • Despotic rulers/governors • Dutch Reformed Church • Highly aristocratic w/ granting of vast estates of land up Hudson (patroonship)

27. New York and New Jersey • Conflict between English and Dutch—”wedge” • Peter Stuyvesant- Dutch governor; built defensive Wall in S. Manhattan for protection against Indians (Wall Street) • Led military expedition to uproot Swedes from colony of New Sweden (Delaware) • 1664- Stuyvesant forced to surrender New Amsterdam to England (Renamed New York after Duke of York) • King Charles II granted the land of New Netherland to his brother James, the Duke of York, who seized the land from the Dutch. • Religious toleration; settlement diverse; wealth gap • James granted land to two of the king’s advisors, Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley. This area was named New Jersey; colonists moved because they were offered land grants, religious freedom, and the right to elect a legislative assembly. Berkley and Carteret later gave the charter back and it became royal. Diverse; no important class of landowners; no important cities.

28. Pennsylvania/Delaware • William Penn founded colony as refuge for Quakers and liberals in 1681 • Quakers- pacifists; refused to support established Church of England; “Inner Light;” all achieve salvation; the most anarchistic and most democratic; women equal partnership in church • Life in Pennsylvania: • Most heavily advertised colony • Settled largely by Germans and Scots-Irish • Welcomed Indians; reimbursed; no major conflicts • Representative assembly • Philadelphia- established as commercial center • Religious toleration, although Jews and Catholics could not vote initially • No provisions for colonial defense or immigration • Colony gradually spread to what would become New Jersey • 3 counties later formed Delaware

29. Middle Colonies Characteristics • Middle colony similarities (NY, NJ, PA, DE): • Fertile Soil- “breadbasket” colonies • Rivers promoted trade and foreshadowed industry • Lumbering and shipbuilding dominated economy • Most diverse populations • Unusual degree of liberties and freedoms

30. Southern Colonies

31. Carolinas • Founded by Charles II during Restoration period to provision West Indies with foodstuffs to maintain profitability and to export non-English goods- wine, silk, oil • 8 proprietors; religious freedom; representative assembly • Charles Town-colonial capital 1690; center of trade • Many Carolina settlers originated from West Indies (Barbados) • Fostered Native American slave trade with aid of Savannah Indians • By early 1700’s, many Savannah Indians moving North to backcountry of Pennsylvania • Rice- basis of S. Carolina economy • Rice plantation dependent upon African labor and skills • Charleston became economic center of trade; close trade ties with Barbados **Southern and Northern developed socially and economically different; tensions arose and proprietors couldn’t keep control. Colonists seized it, and ten years later the Carolinas were split.

32. North Carolina • Settlers largely by discontented settlers and outcast- resented aristocratic sentiment of VA to North, and S. Carolina to South • Squatter colony- no legal right to settle land • Subsistence farmers- tobacco • Emerged in 1712 as separate colony • Considered to be most democratic of Southern colonies, least aristocratic, and most independent-minded • Conflict w/ Native Americans: • Tuscarora Indians destroyed, sold into slavery, or became part of Iroquois Confederacy • Yamasee Indians defeated by S. Carolina • By 1720- coastal Indians in Carolinas decimated or forced to move

33. Borderlands and Middle Grounds British West Indies • British focused on securing Caribbean possessions as well, including Jamaica • Sugar- basis of West Indian economy • Sugar- the “rich man’s crop” • Sugar economy also required extensive land and labor supply • Sugar lords resorted to importing African slaves to work sugar plantations • Barbados Slave Code of 1661- denied slaves all possible rights and secured complete owner control over slaves- including right to punish • Plantation model • Developed close trading relationship with S. Carolina • Carolina rice; Caribbean slaves; SC Slave Code

34. Georgia Founded in 1733 by Philanthropist James Oglethorpe • Goal: serve as buffer colony to protect Carolina’s from Spanish Florida and serve as a refuge for the impoverished • Received direct aid from England for security purposes • Reformer colony for debtors and prison reforms • Prevented to stop slavery from developing (1750 removed ban on slavery) • Religious toleration among Protestant sects • Slow to develop economically due to restrictions • Power returned to king and he permitted a representative assembly

35. Oglethorpe

36. Plantation Economy • Economies devoted to agricultural export • Staple crops (except Georgia) • Slavery (Except Georgia) • Aristocratic (Except NC) • Development of plantation system • Lack of schools and churches • Lack of commercial cities due to agrarian base • Limited Religious toleration • Tax-Support Church of England/Anglican Church dominant • Soil Butchery • Conflict w/ Natives

37. Seeds of Colonial Unity • New England Confederation (1643)- called for purposes of defense against Native Americans as well as inter-colonial problems • Made up by Mass. And Conn. Colonies (RI excluded) • Although did not make any significant gains, was step towards need for colonial unity and communication • 1640’s- Era of Benign Neglect- English Civil Wars allowed colonies to develop democratic and independent practices free from English authority

38. English Restoration and Colonial Control • With Restoration of English Monarchy in 1660, England sought to re-establish firm control on American colonies • England created Dominion of New England in 1686 for 3 purposes: • Headed by Sir Edmund Andros • Re-affirm English control over colonial matters • Bolster colonial defense against possible Indian attacks • Implement terms from Navigation Acts of 1651

39. Navigation Acts and Mercantilism • Navigation Acts reinforced principle of mercantilism • Mercantilism- E and P structure where colonies exist for benefit of mother country • Dual purpose of colonies: provide raw materials to mother country; serve as market for finished goods • Navigation Acts required colonists to use English ships and forbade trade with other countries (smuggling)

40. Impact of Dominion of New England • Defiance of Navigation Acts by Massachusetts; charter revoked; Dominion formed (NE + NY + NJ) • Gov. Andros curbed colonial traditions: • Prevented NE town meetings • Restricted freedom of press • Dissolved popular assemblies • Glorious Revolution of 1688 • Colonists revolted against Andros and sent him back to England • England made Mass. a royal colony- extended suffrage to property owning males • Period of Salutary Neglect- lax enforcement of the Navigation Laws in late 17th and early 18th centuries