A Changing World… Again!

2. A Changing World… Again! • Until 1800, most people lived on farms in the US and Western Europe. • Economy - based on: • Farming • Making goods by hand • Trading UNTIL…. The Industrial Revolution – machines replaced hand tools in the manufacturing of goods, people left their farms to work in factories… within 100 years, many nations became industrial giants Quick video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Efq-aNBkvc

3. Where it started • 1780s in Great Britain • Why there? • Britain had all the factors of production needed to shift from an agricultural to industrial society: 1. People to work 2. Natural resources – iron and coal (used to make machines and run steam engines) ** colonial empire to supply other needed materials – India provided raw cotton to supply textile mills 3. Money to invest in railroads and factories 4. Markets to sell manufactured goods Video break! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c

4. Revolution Factors in Production 1.Land– includes natural resources 2. Labor – people to do the work 3. Capital– $$ money to invest 4. Enterprise – ability to combine the other three factors and create a business or service Entrepreneur - people who organize, operate, and assume the risk for a new business

5. Cottage Industry System to Factory System • Cottage Industry System: people worked in their own homes or workshops • Factory System: The system of producing goods made on a mass scale by machines in a factory which replaced goods made by individual craftsmen.

6. Which picture shows the factory system? The cottage system?

7. New Inventions: Steam Engine • James Watt – Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer • Improved by using a condenser • Key power source of the Industrial Revolution Click below to watch a steam engine (don’t watch the whole time, it gets kind of boring) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMNrtOcZ6XQ

8. New Inventions: Steamboat 1807 – Robert Fulton launched the first successful steamboat in the US Effect? Ships could sail around the world without waiting for wind for their sails

9. New Inventions: Steam Locomotive • Peter Cooper took James Watt’s steam engine and made the first successful steam locomotive – the Tom Thumb

10. Railroads • Railroads were introduced in Great Britain • Railroad video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8lX5A2q-Eo&safe=active • John Stevensis considered to be the father of American railroads – first charter in 1815 for a NJ RR • Don’t Write this!! In 1826 Stevens demonstrated the feasibility of steam locomotion on a circular experimental track constructed on his estate in Hoboken, New Jersey, three years before George Stephenson perfected a practical steam locomotive in England. The first railroad charter in North America was granted to Stevens in 1815. Grants to others followed, and work soon began on the first operational railroads. Planning and construction of railroads in the United States progressed rapidly and haphazardly, without direction or supervision from the states that granted charters to construct them.

11. Cotton Gin • Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 • Separated cotton fibers from seed • Improved the cleaning of raw cotton – led to an increase in cotton production which was very helpful to the textile industry • Also led to exports to Britain and a higher demand for slavery in the US

12. The Spinning Jenny • 1764 – James Hargreaves • Produced several threads at the same time • Were later powered by water and then the steam engine

13. Flying Shuttle • John Kay • A wheeled shuttle that greatly accelerated weaving by passing thread between warps very quickly DON’T WRITE THIS!! Before the invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in 1733, it was only possible for cloth to be woven up to a maximum of the width of a man's body, across his arms. This was because he had to pass the shuttle backwards and forwards, from hand to hand. John Kay's invention allowed the shuttle, containing the thread, to be shot backwards and forwards across a much wider bed. The flying shuttle also allowed the thread to be woven at a faster rate, thus enabling the process of weaving to become faster. Watch a quick video on how it works! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=khiEAEqdkZY&safe=active

14. Bessemer Process • First inexpensive process for the mass production of steel • Removed impurities from the iron by blowing air through it • Allowed the manufacture of bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and large ships Mr. Weasley tells us more!! • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dypdoLm4Rn8&safe=active

15. Lots and lots of inventions! • The inventions made during the Industrial Revolution totally changed business markets around the world through the improvement of productivity – making things faster, transporting things faster, and selling more stuff! • Quick do a recap of some important inventions (with a few extra added in) • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpwaVqTFteo&safe=active

16. Canals • Canal - An artificial waterway or artificially improved river used for travel, shipping, or irrigation. – usually cuts travel time immensly • Advantages: • manufacturers could ship more products at a time • could ship products more quickly and to more remote places Click below to see how most canals work! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfWyBz5bHj8&safe=active

17. Canals • As early as the 1830s railroads had begun to take the place of canals as important transportation routes around the world. • But two of the largest and most important of the world’s canals had yet to be built: • Suez Canal in Egypt between the Mediterranean and Red Seas • Panama Canal in Panama between the Atlantic and Pacific • Both required great amounts of manual labor • Both were to become immensely important waterways Now watch this thrilling video that compares the Panama and Suez Canals. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3A5bjCNPvVs&safe=active

18. Population Growth • Between 1800 and 1850 – population of cities in Europe and the US grew very quickly… workers needed to live closer to factories and mills • During this time, changes in farming meant that fewer workers were needed – people were pushed away from rural areas and moved to Industrial cities

19. Industrial Cities • Urbanization – a significant increase in the number and size of cities ** London’s population grew from 1 million in 1800 to 2.5 million in 1850…. WOW

20. So. Many. People. • Living conditions were terrible for workers • They gathered in poor, crowded neighborhoods near their work called slums • Tenements – 5 and 6 story wooded apartment buildings (usually with 2 rooms)

21. What it was like Problems: • poor design • landlord neglect • structure of old buildings • little government intervention These problems led to very hazardous living conditions in these tenements: • Inadequate garbage pickup – tenants dumped their garbage into the shafts/alleys between apartments. • little fresh air - the smell was horrendous - sewage would flow openly in gutters and threatened to spread diseases • Diseasessuch as cholera and typhus were very common Cholera explained: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cGDEqcJ1skE&safe=active

22. Note Break!! Letter to the Editor 1) Imagine you are living in a new industrial city. Plan a letter to the editor demanding that living conditions be improved for the working poor. 2) Write a letter with at least 3 changes that need to be made – explainwhy the changes need to be made and how they will improve living conditions. Things to include: Valid date SFI !!! Specific Factual Information **1 page minimum

23. Child Labor • Workdays -10 to 14 hours with few breaks • little to no pay • Often employed orphaned children • Factories were very dangerous places leading to injuries and even deaths. • Machinery often ran so quickly that little fingers, arms and legs could easily get caught (machines were designed to be run by children) • factories put out fumes and toxins – disease and illness Interview with a child factory worker: • http://teachers.parkhill.k12.mo.us/HillJ/A%20Christmas%20Carol/Eliza_Marshall.htm

28. Child Labor

30. Child Labor: Primary Sources Click below to watch a video on child labor in Industrial England • http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=87eVOpbcoVo Photos for project • http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/

31. The Working Class Although cities offered work, it paid poorly, was dangerous, and the days were long and hard Factories had: Extreme temps A lack of fresh air – dust often sickened workers Dangerous working conditions Work was 12-16 hours a day Women were paid 50% less than men

32. The New Middle Class • Middle class prior to IR – craftsman, merchants, shop owners, professionals (doctors, lawyers) • The Industrial Revolution created new members of the middle class: • Men who provided $$ for new factories • Men who managed new businesses • Families lived in working class neighborhoods in well-built homes (much nicer than slums) • Women stayed home, managed children and servants, and took care of the home (they did not need to work in factories)

33. Improvements in Medicine • Edward Jenner (we remember him!) - work is widely regarded as the foundation of immunology (he created the first smallpox vaccine in case your memory has escaped you.)

34. Improvements in Medicine • Louise Pasteur - French chemist best known for his breakthroughs in microbiology: • countered the common view of spontaneous generation (living organisms appeared overnight – maggots on meat, mice in grain, bacteria in food) • confirmed the germ theory of disease – microorganisms are the cause of many diseases • created the first vaccine for rabies • describing how to stop milk and wine from going sour - process called pasteurization Quick video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OmWbRKW4K8&safe=active

35. Thomas Edison • American inventor • Phonograph - used for recording sound • transmitter for the telephone speaker • improved light bulb • key elements of motion-picture apparatus • world's first industrial research laboratory Video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kyso7_HetyM&safe=active

36. Madame Marie Curie • Known for her work on radioactivity • Discovered the mysterious element: radium • New era in medical knowledge and the way disease was treated – x-rays • First women to win the Nobel Prize (she won it twice!) Video! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3KmJsKuJws4&safe=active

37. Alexander Graham Bell • Inventor of the telephone - 1876 • 1880 – established the Volta Laboratory – devoted to scientific discovery (don’t write the #1-4) • a metal jacket to assist patients with lung problems • conceptualized the process for producing methane gas from waste material • developed a metal detector to locate bullets in bodies, • invented an audiometer to test a person's hearing • He also continued to promote efforts to help the deaf, and in 1890, established the American Association to Promote the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf. Video 1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdIXoceFgk8&safe=active Video 2 – first telephone call http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfLWtebubtY&safe=active