“Where Once They Stood We Stand”

1. Chapter 2 “Where Once They Stood We Stand” History as a Story of People in NL 1800-1914

2. The Beothuks • Lived and travelled in groups of 30-55. • Lived on resources of both the sea and the land. • Summer lived on the coast to fish and winter in the interior to hunt caribou. • Mamateek: a cone-shaped tent covered with birch bark. Winter: more insulated with moss.

3. The Beothuks • Cultural practice: to cover themselves in red ochre which had life giving power. • Called the “Red Indians”. • Beothuks had little contact with the Europeans; they were suspicious of them. • stealing, murder, cruel deeds committed against the Beothuk.

4. The Beothuks - Extinction • Due to small numbers: estimated to be only 500 to 1000 people • European diseases such as tuberculosis • Conflict with Europeans • Lack of food • Conflict with Mi’kmaq

5. The Mikmaq • The Mi’kmaq arrived in Newfoundland before European immigration. • Followed a seasonal lifestyle of fishing, hunting and gathering. • Lived in places such as Codroy Valley, Bonne Bay, Conne River, Gander Bay. • Socially involved with the European settlers for fur trading purposes. • Converted to Roman Catholicism, and by 1900, settled permanently in Conne River for easy access to land and sea.

6. Innu • Before arrival of the Europeans, the Innu occupied parts of what are now Quebec and Labrador. • In the early 19th century – about 1000 Innu. • Called their territory Nitassinan (our land), speaking the “Innu-Aimun” language.

7. Innu • Two branches based on dialect • 1. Mushuau Branch (Naskapi) • Northern branch depended on animals • Moved frequently • 2. Sheshatshiu Branch (Montagnais) • Depended on migratory Caribou • Travelled enormous distances

8. Innu • Migratory lifestyle – caribou for food & clothing. • Fur traders affected their lifestyle. • Began trading fur for European goods – traumatic consequences. • With the increase in trading, Innu families were not able to obtain enough food to keep from starving.

9. Inuit • The Inuit lived in Labrador for centuries before the Europeans. Language – Inuktitut. • Lifestyle • Lived off resources such as fishing and hunting whales • Stored food in rock caches • Travelled by dog team, kayak or umiak, wore clothes made from animal hides • Lived in skin tents in summer (tupiq) and sod houses in winter (qamartalik) • Family very important

10. Inuit • By mid 1800s, the Europeans (Moravian church) established a mission in northern Labrador. • Eventually Inuit gave up their nomadic ways and settled in communities around the church (NAIN). • Soon their culture became a combination of Christian as well as Inuit practices.

11. Inuit - Changes • Overharvesting of whales by white people resulted in a greater reliance on seal, cod and fur • This created a reliance on European goods • Disease brought a high mortality rate to the Inuit – early 20thcentury, only about 1200 Inuit.

12. Labrador Métis • These were Labrador people of mixed aboriginal and European ancestry. European traders and fishermen married Inuit and Innu women and began families. • Worked as trappers and small traders. • Lived farther south and developed their own social customs. • Hunted , fished and trapped to meet their needs.

13. Portfolio Activity 3 • On the map that you are given, shade in the areas where the following Aboriginal groups lived in NL. • Refer to Pg. 26 in your textbook.

14. NL Immigrants • Immigrant: A person from one country who comes to another country to permanently settle. • Overtime many of the European fishermen brought their families from Europe to establish permanent settlements in Newfoundland. • By the beginning of the 19th century, Newfoundland’s population was about 20 000. Most settlements were on the Avalon Peninsula. • St. John’s had about 3000 people residing there and was the major urban centre for the island.

15. NL Immigrants • Emigrate: A person leaves their own country to live in another country. • Several ethnic groups emigrated (left) Europe to live in Newfoundland. These people were from England, Ireland, Scotland and France. • Push Factor: Reasons why people choose to leave their native country. • The push factors (reasons to leave their home) were issues like: poverty, fear and need for land.

16. NL Immigrants • Pull Factors: Reasons why people choose to move to a particular place. • The pull factors (reasons they chose to live in Newfoundland) consisted of things such as: good fishing and free land.

17. Groups Who Settled in NL • Migratory Fishery: When Europeans came to NL to fish along the shores in summer, and returned to Europe when the fishing season was over. They would then return the next fishing season. • Finally, Europeans began to live in NL permanently.

18. Groups Who Settled in NL

19. Portfolio Activity #4 • In pairs (but you must complete your own), you must plot the settlement patterns of the English, French, Irish and Scottish. Be sure to include a title and a legend. • Refer to Page 38 for help. • Use a different color for each group of settlers.

20. Other Immigrants • All immigrants no longer from Western Europe. • Lebanese (Lebanon) came to NL to escape religious turmoil in their country (push factor). By 1906, 300 Lebanese lived in NL. • Chinese immigrants came, and had to pay a tax of $300. The government banned Chinese women from entering until 1950.

21. Increasing Population • NL experienced a natural increase: where there are more births than deaths, and higher rates of immigration than emigration. • By 1860, 90% of people living in Newfoundland had been born there. • Internal Migration: people moved from place to place on the island of NL.

22. Internal Migration • People left St. John’s to move to smaller places to fish. • This changed settlement patterns in NL. • Inland communities formed, and land based industries such as mining, logging and the railway began.