1 / 20

TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS

TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS. AP PSYCHOLOGY . Mental Health Practitioners . Psychiatrist: MD, an prescribe medication, perform surgery. Generally take a biological approach to treating mental illness. Do not take training in other methods of psychological treatment

penn
Download Presentation

TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. TREATMENT OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS AP PSYCHOLOGY

  2. Mental Health Practitioners • Psychiatrist: MD, an prescribe medication, perform surgery. • Generally take a biological approach to treating mental illness. • Do not take training in other methods of psychological treatment • Clinical Psychologists: Ph.D. or Psy.D., training emphasizes other therapeutic treatments of psychological disorders. • often work with psychiatrists to treat patients with supportive psychotherapy & medicine.

  3. Mental Health Practioners(cont’d) • Counseling Psychologists: usually have advanced degrees & tend to deal with less severe mental health problems in college settings or in marital & family therapy practices. • Psychoanalysts: may or may not be psychiatrists, but follow the teaching of Freud & practice psychoanalysis or other psychodynamic theories. • Clinical or Psychiatric Social Workers: usually have a master’s degree in social work (MSW)

  4. History of Therapy • Trephining: early humans thought that the mentally ill were possessed by evil spirit so they drilled holes in their heads to let the spirits out. • Hippocrates believed the root of psychological problems were physical & prescribed rest, controlled diets, & abstinence from sex & alcohol. • Galen (Greek physician) thought medication was needed to treat abnormal behavior, which was a result of an imbalance in the 4 bodily humors (similar to biomedical approach) • Middle Ages: mentally ill possessed by demons of Satan. Victims were punished with exorcisms or tested by drowning & burning. • Dorthea Dix(19th cent): humane treatment of mentally ill. Created separate institutions for them & pioneered more individualized & kinder treatment strategies.

  5. Deinstitionalization • Resulted from overcrowding in mental institutions in the 1950s. • With the use of better psychotropic drugs, patients, not considered a threat to themselves or others were released from mental hospitals. • Goal was that patients would improve more rapidly in familiar community settings. • 1960s, Congress passed legislation to establish community mental health facilities • Negative consequence: homeless population, many of which are thought to be schizophrenic patients, mostly off their meds & in need of care.

  6. Treatment Approaches • No one approach for treatment of mental disorders appears to be ideal. • Multiple approaches appear to be better than a single approach. • Meta-Analysis: Systematic statistical method for synthesizing the results of numerous research studies dealing with the same variables. • Such studies indicate that clients who receive psychotherapy are better off than most of those who receive no treatment.

  7. Insight Therapies Psychoanalysis (Freud): believed that abnormal behavior was the result of unconscious conflicts from early childhood trauma experienced during the psychosexual stages of development. • Involves going back to discover the roots of problems by bringing the conflict into the conscious mind, helping the client gain insight & achieve personality change. • Traditional psychotherapy involves several sessions every week over 2-3 years • The therapist sits behind the patient & asks the patient to say whatever comes into his/her mind. Known as free association.

  8. Insight Therapies (cont’d) • Dream interpretation: • Manifest Content: recalled dream’s surface content • Latent Content: hidden underlying meaning of dream • Freudian Slips “faulty actions” and hypnosis can also reveal hidden conflicts. • Resistance: blocking of anxiety-provoking feelings & experiences by talking about trivial issues or coming late for sessions is a sign that the patient has reached an important issue that needs to be discovered. • Transference: the patient may need to believe that the therapist is a significant person in the client’s emotional life so that he/she can replay previous experiences & reactions to gain insight about behaviors & current feelings.

  9. Insight Therapies (cont’d) • Catharsis: release of emotional tension after remembering or reliving an emotionally charged experience from the past, which may ultimately result in relief of anxiety. • Traditional psychotherapy is too expensive & requires too much time for most people seeking psychological help. Psychodynamic Psychotherapy • Shorter in duration, less frequent, with the client sitting up & talking to the therapist. • Some therapists are more actively involved with patients, talking to them & pointing out associations to gain greater insights. • Believe that anxieties are rooted in past experiences, but do not necessarily assume problems stem from infancy or early childhood.

  10. Insight Therapies (cont’d) Interpersonal Psychotherapy: • Aimed to help people gain insight into the causes of their problems. • Focuses on current relations to relieve present symptoms. Humanistic Therapies • Believe that problems arise because the person’s ability to grow emotionally has been stifled by external psychosocial constraints • Client-Centered Therapy: • Unconditional Positive Regard:goal is to provide an atmosphere of acceptance, empathy, & sharing, permitting the client’s inner qualities to surface, leading the patient to self- actualization.

  11. Insight Therapies (cont’d) • Person Centered Psychotherapy (Carl Rogers) • The greater the difference between the ideal and actual self, the greater the client’s problems. • Emphasizes developing positive self-concept through the therapist’s unconditional positive regard, active listening, sensitivity & genuineness. • Active Listening: therapist listens to client & echoes, restates, or clarifies to demonstrate empathy, showing the client that he/she was listening & understands what is being said. • This therapy allows the client to take the lead in determining the direction of the therapy.

  12. Insight Therapies (cont’d) • Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls) • Push the client to decide if they will allow past conflicts to control their future or to take contorl of the his/her destiny. • Therapists are directive in their questioning & challenge clients to become aware of their feelings & emotions. • Use dream interpretation to help patient gain a better understanding of whole self & role play to get client to express true feelings. • Insight therapieshave been demonstrated to be effective for treating eating disorders, depression, and marital problems.

  13. Behavioral Approaches • B.F. Skinner:abnormal behavior results from maladaptive behavior learned through faulty awards & punishments. • Goal: to extinguish unwanted behavior & replace it with more adaptive behavior. Classical Conditioning Therapies • Systemic Desensitization • Client is taught progressive relaxation techniques • With therapist, create an anxiety hierarchy from least to most feared stimulus. • Therapy starts with client being introduced to the least fearful stimulus. When he/she can relax with this fear, the process is repeated. Usually takes about 10 sessions to desensitize a person to a phobia.

  14. Systematic Desensitization

  15. Behavioral Approaches (cont’d) • Flooding is another exposure technique used to extinguish the conditioned response. • the client directly confronts the anxiety provoking stimulus, extinction is achieved. • CS: feared stimulus (ex: dog) • UCS: repeated presentation of the fear without the reason for being afraid (dog that is friendly) • CR: fear of dogs will be extinguished

  16. Behavioral Approaches (cont’d) • Aversive Conditioning • Trains the client to associate physical or psychological discomfort with behaviors, thoughts, or situations he/she want to stop or avoid the client directly confronts the anxiety provoking stimulus, extinction is achieved. • Often used with the drug Antibuse (US) with alcohol (CS), which in combination causes extreme nausea (CR). • Within a few exposures, the patient learns to avoid alcohol • However, must be reinforced with an occasional pairing of the two to avoid extinguishing of CR.

  17. Behavioral Approaches (cont’d) Operant Conditioning Therapies • Behavior Modification: the client choses a goal, & with each step toward that goal, he/she receives a small reward until the goal is reached. • Example – weight reducing programs such as Weight Watchers • Token Economies: positive behaviors are rewarded with secondary rein forcers such as tokens or points that can be exchanged for extrinsic rewards • often used in institutions to encourage acceptable behaviors or discourage unacceptable ones.

  18. Behavioral Approaches (cont’d) Other Behavior Therapies • Social Skills Learning: based operant conditioning & Bandura’s social learning theory to improve interpersonal skills by using modeling, behavioral rehearsal, & shaping. • Using modeling, the client observes socially skilled people in order to learn appropriate social behaviors through role playing in structured situations. • Shaping reinforces increasingly more complex social situations • Helps people with social problems & former mental patients learn to cope in social situations.

  19. Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches

  20. Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

More Related