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Social Psychology

Social Psychology. Social psychology. The scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined or implied presence of others. SOCIAL INFLUENCE SOCIAL COGNITION SOCIAL INTERACTION. True or False?.

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Social Psychology

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  1. Social Psychology

  2. Social psychology • The scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined or implied presence of others. • SOCIAL INFLUENCE • SOCIAL COGNITION • SOCIAL INTERACTION

  3. True or False? • In order to change people’s racist behaviors, we first need to change their racist attitudes • F – pg. 698 • Most people would refuse to obey an authority figure who told them to hurt an innocent person • F – pg. 707 • Studies of college and professional athletic events indicate that home teams win about 6 in 10 games. • T – pg. 710 • The higher the morale and harmony of a social group, the more likely are its members to make good decisions. • F – pg. 712

  4. True or False • Sex-selective neglect and abortions have resulted in China and India together having 76 million fewer females than they should have. • T – pg. 716 • Those who keep a gun in the house are more likely to be murdered. • T – pg. 716 • We are less likely to offer help to a stranger if other bystanders are present • T – pg. 736 • Simply putting individuals from two prejudiced groups of people into close contact will defuse conflict • F – pg. 737

  5. Experiment • Need 14 volunteers. 6 outside and 8 inside • Answer the ethnics worksheet • Watch the actual Solomon Asch Experiment (4min)

  6. Social Influence-Conformity • Conformity • Solomon Asch Study • Smoke Filled Room Video – 4 min

  7. Social Influence - Conformity • Group Think • Invulnerability • Rationalization • Lack of introspection • Stereotyping • Pressure • Lack of disagreement • Self-deception • Insularity

  8. Social Conformity – Group Behavior • Deindividuation – losing your sense of self • Group Polarization – the strengthening of shared beliefs through discussion. How could each of these be positive or negative??

  9. Risky Shift • Are you less likely to change your position if you know a lot about the subject matter, and more likely to do so if you do not? • How do you think the importance of the decision should impact this process? Should you see a more extreme risky shift in trivial or important decisions?

  10. Social Influence - Compliance • Compliance occurs when people change their behavior as a result of another person or group asking or directing them to change. • Consumer Psychology – NPR story http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/culturebox/2009/03/lets_get_those_phones_ringing.single.html

  11. Social Influence - Compliance • Read the story • Identify the techniques used by NPR to get you to ‘COMPLY’

  12. Social Influence - Obedience • Obedience is changing one’s behavior at the direct order of an authority figure • Milgram’s Research

  13. Watch Milgram • After watching short clips of the ‘real’ Milgram experiment, fill in the chart.

  14. Social Influence – Task Performance • IF task is viewed EASY – presence of others IMPROVES performance • SOCIAL FACILITATION • IF task is viewed as HARD – presence of others has NEGATIVE effect • SOCIAL IMPAIRMENT • Personal responsibility is LESS when working with a group so some might…. • SOCIAL LOAFING

  15. Practice MCQ

  16. Social Cognition • Social Cognition focuses on the ways in which people think about other people and how those cognitions influence behavior toward those other people.

  17. Social Cognition - Attitudes • ABC’s • Affective Component • The way a person FEELS toward an object, person or situation. • Behavior Component • The ACTION that a person takes in regard to the person, object or situation. • Cognitive Component • The way a person THINKS about the person, object or situation.

  18. Social Cognition - Attitudes • Surprisingly….Attitudes are poor predictors of actual behavior • Only under certain circumstances • $ • The specificity of the attitude • The stronger the attitude

  19. Social Cognition Attitude Formation • Forms of learning… • Direct Contact – Brussel Sprouts • Direct Instruction – Parents to children • Interaction with Others • Vicarious Conditioning (observational learning)

  20. Social CognitionAttitude Change • Factors of persuasion • Source – who is delivering the message? Expert, trustworthy? Attractive? • Message – clear and well organized. Fear works • Target Audience – late teens and young adults more apt to change attitudes

  21. Social CognitionAttitude Change • Elaboration Likelihood Model • Assumed that people either elaborate based on what they hear or they do not elaborate at all. • Central Route Processing – people attend to the content of the message • Peripheral-Route Processing – attending to factors not involved in the message. Guilty verdict b/c defendant had ‘shifty eyes’

  22. Social CognitionCognitive Dissonance • When someone experiences a sense of discomfort or distress that occurs when a person’s behavior does not correspond to that person’s attitude.

  23. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

  24. Cognitive Dissonance - Study • Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith (1959) • Suppose you had volunteered to participate in a psychology experiment here at school. Upon arrival, you were seated at a table and asked to undertake a series of dull, meaningless tasks (like stuffing envelopes) for about an hour. Afterward, the experimenter convinced you to extol the virtues of the tasks you performed by describing them to potential participants as highly worthwhile, interesting and educational. You were paid either $1 or $20 to do this? Suppose you were then asked to privately rate your enjoyment of the tasks on a questionnaire. • After which amount do you believe your actual enjoyment rating of the tasks would be higher -- $1 or $20?

  25. Cognitive Dissonance -Study • FINDINGS • Although predicted that participants paid $20 would be more likely to ‘lie’ b/c more reinforcement ACTUALLY…those paid $1 lied more. WHY?? • Those paid $1 experienced CD…I would lie to someone for only $1?....so they actually believed what they were doing was interesting (changed attitude to maintain self-image of honesty) • Those paid $20 experienced NO CD b/c they knew exactly why they were lying…for $20.

  26. Social Cognition – Cognitive Dissonance • Change conflicting behavior to match attitude • Change conflicting cognition to justify behavior • Form new cognitions to justify behavior Come up with your own example of cognitive dissonance.

  27. Social Pressures Can Create Dissonance and Lead to Conformity • Seven factors that increase conformity (Asch): • Subject feels insecure • The group has at least 3 people. • The group is unanimous. • Subject admires the group. • Subject has made no prior commitment to any response • Others observe the subject’s behavior. • The culture encourages respect for social standards.

  28. Practice MCQ

  29. Social Cognition • The mental processes that people use to make sense out of the social world around them.

  30. Social CognitionImplicit Personality theories • Set of assumptions that people have about how different types of people, personality traits and actions are all related and form in childhood. • “happy people are friendly”, “quiet people are shy”

  31. Social CognitionAttribution • The process of explaining both ones own behavior and the behavior of other people • ATTRIBUTION THEORY (Franz Heider) • Situational Causes – external sources caused behavior • Dispositional Causes – internal sources caused behavior

  32. Dispositional (internal) or Situational (external)? • They won only because the best athletes on the Central State’s teams were out with injuries – talk about good fortune. • External (situational) • They won because they have some of the best talent in the country. • Internal (dispositional) • Anybody could win this region; the competition is so far below average in comparison to the rest of the country. • External (situational) • They won because they put in a great deal of effort and practice. • Internal (dispositional)

  33. Social CognitionSocial Categorization • Usually occurs without conscious awareness of the process • Can result in stereotypes “red hair = bad temper” Would we be better off if people didn’t use social cognition?

  34. Social CognitionAttribution • Fundamental Attribution Error - people tend to explain the actions of others based on what “kind” of person they are rather than looking for outside causes such as social influences • Milgram Teachers…what’s wrong with them…instead of looking at their situation

  35. Self serving bias

  36. Social CognitionAttribution • Japan? • Age ?

  37. Practice MCQ • Pg. 576

  38. Social Interaction • The relationships between people both casual and intimate. • Prejudice and discrimination • Liking and loving • Aggression and prosocial behavior

  39. Social Interaction – Prejudice and Discrimination Define in your pair • Prejudice – • The attitude • Discrimination – • The action

  40. Social Interaction – Prejudice and Discrimination • What do you know about the study done with brown eyes, blue eyes? • Watch the video clip and answer the following questions • Is there anything about this experiment you find disturbing? • How do you think adults would act in a similar experiment • What kinds of changes might have occurred in the personalities and performances of the children if the experiment had continued for more than two days with each group.

  41. Elliot’s Study • Fill in your chart with the information about Elliot’s famous study

  42. Social Interaction – Prejudice and Discrimination In-groups vs. Out-groups or Us vs. Them Realistic Conflict Theory Of Prejudice Conflict increases between groups with they are seeking a common resource EXAMPLES??

  43. Social Interaction - Prejudice • Why are people prejudiced? How can it be stopped? • Social Identity Theory • Social Categorization - what are the groups called? • Social Identification – where do I belong? • Social Comparison – how do I compare to others?

  44. Social Identification • Stereotype Vulnerability – the effect that people’s awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior. • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy – the effect expectations can have on outcomes • Stereotype threat • Race, gender, athletes

  45. Social Interaction • Scapegoating – • When conflicts exist and pressure becomes heavy…the need to find a scapegoat becomes stronger. • Usually scapegoats are those with the least amount of power. • L.A. Riots - 1992 • Can you think of an example?

  46. Social Interaction - Prejudice • Overcoming Prejudice • Intergroup contact • Jigsaw classrooms • HW: Read about Robber’s Cave Experiment. What was the experiment? What conclusions can be taken away about in-group, out-group conflict and intergroup contact effectiveness?

  47. Practice MCQ

  48. Social Interaction – Liking and Loving • Rules of Attraction • Physical attractiveness • Proximity • Birds of a Feather – similarity • When Opposites Attract • Reciprocity of Liking

  49. Social Interaction – Love Triangle • Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love • What’s missing from the less positive types of love? Liking Intimacy Only Compassionate Love Intimacy + Commitment Romantic Love Intimacy + Passion Consummate Love Intimacy + Passion + Commitment Empty Love Commitment Only Infatuation Passion Only Fatuous Love Passion + Commitment

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