Cold War, New Nations, and Revolt Against Authority 1945 - 1989

1. 21 Cold War, New Nations, and Revolt Against Authority 1945 - 1989

2. Cold War and New NationsCold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • US policy toward world alternates between isolation and assertion of global mission • US established Pax Americana after WWII • Soviet Union had similar sense of mission tied to belief in spreading communism • Third Socialist International (Comintern) • Survival in World War II added prestige • Post war agreements try to bridge this gap

3. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • “Iron Curtain” reality emerges in late 1940s • Each sees other’s ideals as cover for aggression • Berlin Blockade (1948) • Nuclear weaponry a major element in war • Space race adds rivalry • “Fall” of China adds fear to the US. • 1/4 of world “becomes” communist over night

5. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • The Korean War, 1950-53 • North Korea invaded South Korea (June, 1950) • North attack almost succeeded • Death toll high for all parties

6. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • The Korean War, 1950-53 [cont.] • Outcomes • War added to American sense of threat • Japan experienced prosperity as supplier of material • US and Europe split over war aims • Started trend of “brinksmanship” in diplomacy

8. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • The Soviet Union After Stalin • Nikita Khrushchev, 1953-64 • Denounced Stalinist policies • Openness led to novels of criticism of Russia • Revelation of gulags by Solzhenitzyn • Continued attempts to catch up with the West technologically • Diplomatically aggressive with harsh control of eastern Europe and support for Castro

9. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • The Soviet Union After Stalin [cont.] • Leonid Brezhnev, 1964-82 • Brezhnev Doctrine is response to “Prague Spring” • Doctrine claims right to intervene in satellite nations to prevent counter-revolution • Unrest in Poland surrounding Solidarity movement and election of Pole as Roman Catholic Pope leads to creation of martial law • Involvement in Afghanistan becomes Russia’s Vietnam

10. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • The American Military-Industrial Complex • President Eisenhower warned of the threat of the military-industrial complex to peace in 1961 • Cold War involved client states & proxy wars • Economic assistance was another aspect of the effort to win friends with monetary assistance • Some nations drew assistance from both sides

11. Cold War, 1945-89: USA vs. USSR • The Cuban Missile Crisis • Fidel Castro took control of Cuba in 1959 • Initial success in social programs • Failed Bay of Pigs invasion moved Cuba toward the Soviet Union • Russian nuclear missiles placed in Cuba to protect it from invasion • Nuclear war averted in Missile Crisis (1962)

12. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Decolonization a product of Depression and world wars, 1914-45 • West no longer a clearly superior culture • World Wars emphasized self government • US & USSR promoted independence • British & French Middle East mandates were first to gain freedom

13. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Independence of India (1947) • Israeli statehood (1948) • China to communists (1949) • Independence of Indonesia (1949) • War in Vietnam when France is reluctant to withdraw. • French withdraw from Vietnam in 1954

14. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Africa • Ghana 1st black African nation to gain freedom

15. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Egypt • Coup claims control of Suez Canal (1956) • Joint British-French attack to reverse this action • US demands attack end • Nasser brings in Soviet advisors to build dam • Sadat (1970) expels Russians from Egypt

16. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Congo • Cruel Belgian rule ends with elections in 1957 and move toward independence • Lumumba elected Prime Minister in 1960 but army overthrows his government • Three-sided Civil War ends with victory for Joseph Mobutu (dictator Mobutu Sese Seko) • War showed dilemma of resource rich area in midst of Cold War

17. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Algeria • Independence through Civil War • Algeria legally an integral part of France • Algerians of European origin control wealth • War from mid-1950s led by NLN • DeGaulle and new French constitution open the door to Algerian independence • Oil revenues finance economic and educational development

20. Cold War and Emergence of New Nations • Mozambique, Angola, & Guinea • Portugal resists loss of colonial power • Calls these colonies “overseas provinces) • Revolts in all three by 1961 • Military coup in Portugal creates government that grants independence to these colonies • Even among colonizers, colonialism no longer considered an appropriate relationship

21. Emergence of the Third World • Term emerged as “third alternative” in Cold War conflict between US & USSR • Made collective entry into international affairs at Bandung conference (1955) • 1st presentation of non-Western views • Non-aligned, these countries form regional organizations to promote their interests • Include OPEC, OAU, OAS

22. Emergence of the Third World • Client States and Proxy Wars • US & USSR seek client state relations with resource-rich Third World nations • Warfare for control of resources by Cold War nations involved “proxy wars” • Communist takeover of China saw US refuse diplomatic recognition of the nation, outbreak of Korean War, and deterioration of China’s relationship with Russia

23. Emergence of the Third World • Latin America • Nicaragua • US involvement from support of 1909 coup and continuous stationing of troops to 1933 • Guerilla war led by Sandino ended in 1934 with start of Somoza government • Sandinista success in 1979 gains support of Carter administration but Pres. Reagan pursues overthrow Nicaraguan government with covert financing • 1990 sees end of war

24. Emergence of the Third World • Latin America [cont.] • Guatemala • U.S. sponsors ouster of President Arbenz • Had confiscated land from United Fruit Company with promise of compensation, built a highway to break the fruit company’s monopoly on transportation and built a hydroelectric plant for energy independence • Assassination of US sponsored successor leads to decades of civil war • US apology for role in “banana republic” in 1999

25. Emergence of the Third World • Latin America [cont.] • Panama • Established by coup in 1903 with US support in return for right to build Panama Canal • Chile • Socialist Salvador Allende elected leader (1970) • Land reform and nationalization of copper resources • Allende overthrown and killed with CIA support • Pinochet government is successor by force until 1988

26. Emergence of the Third World • Iran • US/Britain oppose Iranian control of oil (1951) • Placed compliant Shah of Iran fully in charge • Forced modernization plan alienates many • Religious opposition led by Ayatollah Khomeni • Fall of Shah placed militant Shiites in power • Seizure of 52 Americans at embassy • Numerous actions against neighboring states • Restrictions on women

27. Terrorism • Terrorism is tactic of the weak • Is used by some states as well as outsider movements • Israel is a frequent target of terror • Can boomerang in the sense that those attacked can resolve to resist terror demands

28. In Pursuit of Peace • Mutually Assured Destruction prevented attacks • United Nations: Growth & New Missions • Forum for nations in General Assembly • Peacekeeping a major role for UN • Promotion of general welfare around the world • Work to improve global economy

29. In Pursuit of Peace • Mutually Assured Destruction prevented attacks • United Nations: Growth & New Missions • Forum for nations in General Assembly • Peacekeeping a major role for UN • Promotion of general welfare around the world • Work to improve global economy

32. In Pursuit of Peace • Demographics • Fear of “population bomb” reduced by declining birth rates and decrease in death rates • Green Revolution added to food supply • Fear that revolution would make the rich richer • Population growth uneven--growing population in cities produces “slums of hope” and “slums of despair”

33. In Pursuit of Peace • Economic Growth • Western Europe • Post-war “economic miracles” • European Coal and Steel Community (1952) • European Economic Community (1957) • Euratom • Common Agricultural Policy (1962) • Unified western European economy (1965) • West German economy fastest growing in Europe

34. In Pursuit of Peace • Economic Growth [cont.] • Japan • US occupation laid basis for Japanese recovery • Re-entry to family of nations in three stages • Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development • Bullet train • Hosted Summer Olympics (1964) • Japan’s policy combined free enterprise & planning • 1973 OPEC oil embargo shocked world economy • Japanese survival tied to conservation measures

35. In Pursuit of Peace • International Organization • Bretton Woods Agreements (1944) produced • International Monetary Fund • World Bank • General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade • OPEC (1960) • Used economic clout to promote oil embargo to reduce willingness of US to support Israel

36. NGOs and Transnationals • Term “Non-governmental organizations” does not usually include private businesses • Can be national or transnational in scope • Have a wide variety of purposes • World Wildlife fund • Amnesty International • Oxfam • Solidarity

37. Legacies of the Cold War • Twentieth century has developed healthy skepticism about past changes • Winners include newly freed people • Losers are those who continue to live in poverty • Postwar years favored optimists over pessimists