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TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989-

TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989-. America: Past and Present Chapter 32. The Election of 1988. Republican George Bush Democrat Michael Dukakis Bush television ads attack Dukakis as soft on crime, unpatriotic Bush wins White House Republicans lose seats in Congress.

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TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989-

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  1. TO THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 1989- America: Past and Present Chapter 32

  2. The Election of 1988 • Republican George Bush • Democrat Michael Dukakis • Bush television ads attack Dukakis as soft on crime, unpatriotic • Bush wins White House • Republicans lose seats in Congress

  3. Bush’s Domestic Agenda • Problems of 1989 • savings and loan industry facing collapse • ballooning federal deficit • Bush’s deficit reduction • raise taxes • cut military expenditures • Economic recession increases deficit

  4. The End of the Cold War • June, 1989--Tiananmen Square • November, 1989--Berlin Wall torn down • 1991-1992--U.S.S.R. dissolved, Communist Party outlawed in Russian Republic • Cautious response by Bush

  5. The End of the Cold War

  6. Waging Peace • 1989--U.S. invasion of Panama • August, 1990--Iraq occupies Kuwait • January, 1991--Operation Desert Storm • Outcome of Desert Storm • February 24--Iraqi force collapses • Bush’s approval hits 90%

  7. Republican Economic Woes • 1990 budget deal violated Bush’s “no new taxes” pledge • Also failed to reduce budget deficits • Economic recession prolonged

  8. The Changing American Population • Migration South and West • Immigration from developing nations

  9. A People on the Move • 1980--majority lives in the South and West • climate • jobs in defense industry • 1994--Texas second most populous state • Migration of elderly to the Sunbelt increases region’s political clout

  10. Population Shifts, 1970-2000

  11. The Revival of Immigration • Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 stimulates immigration • 1970-2000--30 million legal immigrants • Latin America • Asia • Late 1990s--Immigration restrictions relaxed • Attacks of Sept. 11 prompt revision of immigration procedures

  12. The Surging Hispanics • 2002--Hispanics become the largest ethnic group • Census Department identifies four Hispanic categories: Mexican American, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, and Other • population spread out geographically • younger, poorer, less educated • Growing political power

  13. The Surging Hispanics: “Undocumented Aliens” • 1986--4 million in U.S., most from Mexico • Easily exploited by employers • Controversial in California and Texas • Flow continues at up to 500,000 per year • Concerns over illegal immigrants revives after Sept. 11 attacks

  14. Advance and Retreat for African Americans • 2002--Blacks second largest ethnic minority • Black middle class gains in business, education • Supreme Court sends mixed signals on racial quotas • Urban fruits of racial discrimination • Black urban poor suffer most • 1992--Los Angeles riots

  15. Americans from Asia and the Middle East • Asian-Americans fastest growing minority in the 1990s • Recent origins: China, the Philippines, Japan, India, Korea, and Vietnam • Asian Americans well-educated, well-off • Middle East American population also grew rapidly 1970-2000

  16. Melting Pot or Multiethnic Diversity? • Melting pot ideal waning • Metaphors of enduring difference existing in harmony on the rise • Census Bureau’s ethnic categories incomplete and confusing • added multiracial categories in 2000

  17. Democratic Revival • Democrats move away from liberal reliance on big government • Bill Clinton promises a moderate Democratic agenda

  18. The Election of 1992 • Bush’s weaknesses • increasing deficit • economic recession • Democrat Clinton runs on promise to revitalize economy • Independent Perot runs on promise to cut the deficit

  19. Economic Recovery • Clinton abandons campaign promises • no middle-class tax cut • no jobs program for the unemployed • Allies with Alan Greenspan to reduce deficit

  20. President versus Congress • 1993--Democrats split over NAFTA • Clinton argues free trade would create jobs • labor fears cheap labor in Latin America • Clinton health care reform defeated

  21. Contract with America • Republican “Contract with America” shifted election from personalities to national ideology • Clinton scandals erode support for Democrats • 1994--Republicans win both houses of Congress

  22. The Clinton Rebound • Prosperity shores up Clinton’s popularity • Clinton assuages human cost of prosperity • criticizes corporations for downsizing • 1993--pushes Family and Medical Leave Act • 1996--wins increase in minimum wage

  23. The Clinton Rebound: Republican Errors • Republican Congress enacts only 4 minor parts of Contract with America • House Speaker Newt Gingrich provides a foil • Clinton agrees in principle on balanced budget • Clinton attacks GOP cuts in programs • GOP attempt to shut down federal government backfires

  24. The Clinton Rebound: Triangulation • Clinton distances himself from conservative Republicans and liberal Democrats • Clinton signs welfare reform bill to capture center • Clinton mounts television advertising campaign to attack Republican cuts

  25. The Clinton Rebound:Reelection • Republican Bob Dole respected but ineffective candidate • Clinton’s strategy for reelection • stress education, health care to win women and minorities • result: gender gap in Clinton’s favor provides margin of victory

  26. Clinton and the World • Clinton gives top priority to domestic issues • Clinton emphasizes economics rather than geopolitics in world affairs • Foreign policy drifts for Clinton as for Bush

  27. Global Tensions in the Post-Cold War Era • Supports Boris Yeltsin in Russia • Friendly relations with the rulers of China • Search for Israeli-Palestinian compromise • Twice orders cruise missile attacks on Iraq • Reliance on Persian Gulf oil increased sharply by 2000

  28. Intervening in Somalia and Haiti • Somalia • inherited from Bush Administration • Clinton shifts from humanitarian to vague nation-building mission • mission ends in fiasco • Haiti • Clinton forces Haitian military rulers to abdicate • 1994--U.S. troops land unopposed • civilian leaders unable to restore democracy, economy

  29. Halting Civil War in Bosnia • Clinton pursues cautious policy early • Summer 1995--Clinton orders air strikes on Serb forces • October 1995--Dayton Accord • cease-fire secured • accord divides Bosnia into Muslim-Croatian, Serbian enclaves

  30. The Breakup of Yugoslavia/ Civil War in Bosnia

  31. Saving Kosovo • 1998--Serbs escalate “ethnic cleansing” campaign against Albanians in Kosovo • March, 1999--Clinton orders air strikes against Serbian infrastructure • May, 1999--60% of Serb electrical capacity destroyed • June 10, 1999--Serbs agree to evacuate all ground forces from Kosovo

  32. The End of the Century • Unparalleled burst of economic growth in the 1990s • Violence from protest movements, senseless school shootings • Deep flaws in American society revealed

  33. From Deficit to Surplus • 1990s mark the longest sustained period of economic growth in American History • Causes • increased productivity • increased consumption • Federal Reserve keeps inflation in check • Federal budget transformed from deficit to surplus • Political parties divided on how to spend • Republicans argue for tax cuts • Democrats argue for shoring up federal programs

  34. Violence in the 1990s: The Far Right • Ruby Ridge, Idaho, 1992--Federal agents shoot and kill survivalist mother and son • Waco, Texas, 1993--tandoff at Branch Davidian compound ends in death of 75 • Oklahoma City, 1995--Timothy McVeigh explodes truck bomb at Murrah federal building

  35. Violence in the 1990s: The Far Left • 1996--the Unabomber, Theodore Kaczynski captured in Montana • 1999--Violent protest at World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle

  36. Violence in the 1990s: School Shootings • 1997-1998 school year--four school shootings from Mississippi to Oregon • 1998-1999 school year--Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado • Understanding the tragedies • killers all white, middle class • all give ample warning of serious emotional problems • shootings reveal deep flaws in family structure, popular culture

  37. Shadow on the White House • The occasion—President involved in sexual relationship with intern Monica Lewinski • Disclosure of relationship prompts public outcry • Clinton initially maintains innocence before public and grand jury • undeniable evidence exposes president’s false denials • Special prosecutor reports 11 possible impeachment charges to Congress

  38. Shadow on the White House:Impeachment • Public sentiment against impeachment • Republicans press ahead with impeachment proceedings • The outcome: • 2/3 Senate vote required for impeachment; Republicans unable to win simple majority • Clinton’s presidency badly damaged

  39. The New Millennium • 2000--fears of Y2K problem prompted great anxiety • 2001--NASDAQ crash causes brief recession • Terrorist attacks prompts debate over domestic security and civil liberties

  40. The Disputed Election of 2000 • Dominant trends of election year 2000 • economic boom favors Democrats • disappointment with Clinton’s failings favors Republicans • The Candidates • Republican George W. Bush calls for limiting government and relying on the market • Democrat Al Gore calls for expanded federal role in education and health care

  41. The Disputed Election of 2000 (2) • Extremely close race ends up hanging on disputed Florida vote • Gore leads in popular vote (eventually 200,000) and Electoral College (267) • Florida’s 25 electoral votes would bring Bush total to 271 • Gore calls for recount of Florida vote • December 12, 2000--U.S. Supreme Court ends recount efforts with ruling in Bush’s favor

  42. The Disputed Election of 2000 (3) • Geographic divisions • Bush wins rural West, South, key Midwest and border states • Gore wins large states with urban populations • Social divisions • Gender gap remains in Democrats’ favor • Black vote overwhelmingly to Democrats • Hispanic vote narrowed somewhat

  43. The Disputed Election of 2000 (4) • Cultural divisions • Bush the winner among voters stressing character, values • Gore the winner among voters stressing material well-being

  44. Bush’s Domestic Agenda • Persuades Congress to cut taxes by $1.35 trillion over ten years • Education reform increased federal aid to schools that meet performance requirements • Recession returns in 2001 fueled by: • glut of unsold goods • September 11 attacks • scandalous collapse of major corporations

  45. Terrorism: Attack and Counterattack • Terrorist attacks kill over 3,000 in New York City and Washington, D.C. • Attacks carried out by al-Qaeda terrorist organization • Bush declares a “war on terrorism” and attacks Afghanistan, home of al-Qaeda

  46. Terrorism: Attack and Counterattack (2) • 2002--Congress creates the Department of Homeland Security • New department focuses first on security of airline travel • Debate over security versus civil liberties ensues • Bush’s approval ratings soar

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