Origins of the Cold War

1. Origins of the Cold War Chapter I. Contradictions of the II WW From 1930s through 1945

2. Origins of the cold war: typology • Typology of origins as the following factors that caused the confrontation: • Mutual suspicion; • National interests clash; • Ideological frictions; • Foreign policy decision making process;

3. Mutual suspicion between the U.S., Great Britain and the Soviet Union during 1930s and during the WW II • The position of the Great Britain and France with regard to the cooperation with the Soviets during the Hitler’s rising: • Weak position of GB and France when Hitler violated the Versailles Treaty in 1935 ad 1936 (the formation of a German air force and sending German troops into the Rhineland); • Neutral acts by the U. S. Congress, 1935-1937 >> Europe remained alone. • The intention of the U.S. to enlist the Soviet Union into a war with Japan, which attacked the Soviets and Americans, 1937

4. Mutual suspicion between the US, GB and SU during 1930s and during the WW II 4) The Munich agreement, 1938: annexation of Sudenetenland for Czech Germans by Hitler: -Czechoslovakia asked a help: France >> the Great Britain (a denial) -Czechoslovakia asked a help: the Soviet Union >> France >> Great Britain (a denial)

5. Chamberlain, Daladier, Hitler and Mussolini at the Munich Conference They agreed to hand over the Sudetenland to Germany. Hitler pledged that he would not seek an additional foot of European territory.

6. Mutual suspicion between the US, GB and SU during 1930s and during the WW II 5) the Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939: a division of Poland and some Balkan lands between Stalin and Hitler. • A Prelude: Soviet-Britain-French talks over the Alliance failed: GB and F. would not like to give the Soviets Baltic states • Munich made Stalin think that European states tried to turn Hitler towards Russia; • the NS pact made the West to think that Stalin can betray the west to accommodate Germany; • Result: the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states+ some lands in Romania+ Finish territories (Svetogorks today)+ eastern lands in Poland • A mild reaction of Roosevelt: as long as Stalin did not threaten Britain and France, US would not do anything to oppose the Soviets.

7. the Nazi-Soviet Pact, 1939 (nonaggression treaty) The treaty indicated to refrain from attacking each other and to remain neutral if either became involved in a war with other countries.

8. Mutual suspicion between US, GB and SU during the W W II 6) Alliance of the Second World War (USSR, US, Great Britain and France) without mutual trust: • The delays in the opening of a second front in Europe (promises from 1941 until 1944) • The mutual fear that the allies can conclude a compromise peace agreement with Hitler since 1941: American Lend-Lease laws were aimed to make Soviets be involved in the war. • Soviet knowledge about of the secret Anglo-American project to build an atomic bomb.

9. Mutual suspicion between US and SU 7) Atom bomb: 1946 and 1949 • Churchill recommended to Roosevelt to inform Stalin about the project • “…Now we do not need Russians any more,… and we do not need to seek their favor….” (Truman’s diary); Today all researchers claimed that the factor of the bomb was a factor for stability than the factor for instability in development of the Cold War; • Russian researchers argued that the bomb influenced the behavior of the American political establishment.

10. National interests clash between Great Britain, Soviet Union, and U. S • The old Russian idea of a buffer zone (annexation of Finland, Poland, Baltic states, and Romania) is a concept of security for Russia • the more territories you get around the country, the safer you become; • the more friendly regimes you established there, the safer you become. • Stalin declared this idea to Churchill and Roosevelt in 1941: Churchill asked Roosevelt to give Stalin a free hand in Europe to prevent the Soviets from leaving the war.

11. National interests clash between Great Britain, Soviet Union, and U. S. 2) Balkans and Mediterranean (Turkish Straits): • Real politics of W. Churchill: • To prevent the influence of Soviet Union in Balkan Area in order to defense the Britain interests and to prevent the domination of Soviets in Europe. • To prevent the Soviets was to divide the Europe • Occupation of Italy: Russians were asked not to participate in The Allies occupational commission >> Stalin used the precedent to make U. S. and G. Britain to leave Romania and Bulgaria >> • Italy became belonged to the West, Bulgaria and Romania – to East

12. 2) Balkans and Mediterranean: Churchill and Stalin

13. The famous ‘percentage agreement ‘with Stalin From memories by W. Churchill: I pushed this across to Stalin, who had by then heard the translation. There was a slight pause. Then he took his blue pencil and made a large tick upon it, and passed it back to us. It was all settled in no more time than it takes to set down…After this there was a long silence. The penciled paper lay in the centre of the table. At length I said, "Might it no be thought rather cynical if it seemed we had disposed of these issues so fateful to millions of people, in such an offhand manner? Let us burn the paper". "No, you keep it", said Stalin….»

14. National interests clash between Soviet Union, and U. S: 3) Eastern Europe Teheran conference, 1943: it could stop Cold War 1) observation: the increasing of the power of the U. S. And SU and the diminishing of the European power in IR 2) Poland's question – to move the Poland’s boundaries to the West • zero relations with Russians (historical memory of 1612, 1772, 1796, 1830, 1863, 1920-1921) • execution of 5 000 Polish Officers near Katyn + 20 000 • London Poles and Polish Home Army • Roosevelt was agreed to loose it but with free elections 3) Germany should be deleted as a strong power. BUT: Russians were moving to Europe in 1944 and the fear of the U. S. and Great Britain over new power in the world –Stalin’s Russia

15. National interests clash between Soviet Union and U. S: 3) 3) Eastern Europe Yalta conference, 1945: • dualism of Western position: an appeasement of Stalin in Europe and “Declaration on Liberated Europe” (Churchill part of his real politics), but the Soviets violated it soon in Romania >> The offer of the Churchill to Roosevelt: a harder line toward Soviet policy in Eastern Europe, but R. rejected this idea 2) Demonstration of a Soviet intentions: reparations from all the parts of Germany; Soviet domination in East Europe, and Polish-German border along the Oder and Neisse rivers 3) Mild position of Roosevelt: he wanted the cooperation

16. Yalta: where is it

17. Ideological frictions as origins of the cold war • Russian revolution of 1917 with combination of the idea about world revolution; • Development of international communists’ movement with orientation toward Russia was perceived by the West as a threat 3) Bolsheviks’ view of Western powers as imperialists who wanted to throw out the Bolsheviks in Russia (Civic War); 4) The exclusion the Bolsheviks from European diplomacy during 1920es

18. Foreign policy decision making process was also the source of the cold war

19. Who made a foreign policy in the S.U in 1945-46 (V. Molotov and J. Stalin)

20. Who made a foreign policy in the US in 1945-46: (Truman, J. Byrnes and W.Leahy) + J. Forrestal, + C.Clifford+ J. Kennan

21. A personality of Truman • Truman’s behavior towards Stalin was not Roosevelt's policy of compromises: • New president was too straightforward; • His advisers among military claimed that the SU was the primary source of threat. They recommended in 1945 to stop the expanding of Soviet influence in Japan, Germany and China + to demonstrate the tough position of new administration right now than later as to UN (who should be admitted first), Japan (who should govern there);

22. Origins of the Cold War Chapter II. Contradictions of 1945-1946

23. Molotov and Truman, and Truman and advisers 22 April 1945 • Roosevelt died: • Polite meeting with Molotov – 22 April 1945 • A meeting with advisers: Truman’s Idea to be tough with Stalin – 22 April – “we do not give up Poland and East Europe” • A second meeting with Molotov: • A tone was changed • Truman became rude because the Soviets broke the declaration on Europe. • No unilateral concessions to Russians • The course of Roosevelt was ended

24. Economic pressure on Stalin and termination of the lend-lease • Truman cancelled the economic assistance to the Soviet Union, 11 May of the 1945: • Astonished Stalin • Truman’s memories that he did know what he signed • To diminish the Soviet demands for German reparations >> • A slight hesitation of Truman: “Am I right to be tough with them?”

25. Economic pressure on Stalin and termination of the lend-lease • Truman cancelled the economic assistance to the Soviet Union, 11 May of the 1945: • Astonished Stalin • Truman’s memories that he did know what he signed • To diminish the Soviet demands for German reparations >> • A slight hesitation of Truman: “Am I right to be tough with them?”

26. Potsdam conference, 1945: clash over Germany, Stalin and Truman • Stalin and Truman crossed Berlin by car. Truman made a conclusion: “I can cooperate with him” However, cooperation failed for the following: • New position of Truman and Byrnes to Germany for • Idea of British Minister of Foreign Affairs A. Eden to create the “Western European block” (later, Atlantic partnership and later, NATO) in order to stop communists and draw lines of influence in Europe, 1945 >> Germany must be reconstructed and included (it was an idea), but • Germany was said to be better partner than Russians 3) Byrnes cut Stalin’s proposals for German reparations 4) Truman’s story of the atom bomb: US tested it before conference 5) The war against Japan became a question

27. Far East, summer 1945 • Byrnes came to Moscow to ask Stalin to continue a war with Japan: • He acted like Roosevelt: to find a compromise with Molotov • He changed the American influence in Japan for the Russian one in Romania and Bulgaria (U. S. would recognize them, Soviet Union – a regime of MacArthur in Japan) • Soviet moved to Manchuria, U. S. dropped bombs on two Japanese towns and in August Japan surrendered.

28. Manchuria became part of China • Stalin went to Far East to take over Kuril islands for possible future threat from Japan >> • Korea was freed by Soviets >> • Panic in U.S.

29. Far East:, Japan, Kurils, Korea, China • Japan was occupied by U.S. in August 1945 • Stalin got 4 Kuril islands from Japan • Korea was divided into two zones until free elections (Kim Il Sung and Syngman Ree) • China continues the Civil War between Mao Tse-tung and Chiang Kai-shek Conclusion: mutual expansion and clash of interests and the last drop became Iran

30. Iran, February 1946 • Iran supported Germany and was occupied by Soviet and British troops • Soviet had to leave country • But: Stalin decided to reunify the Northern Iran with Azerbaijan to have additional oil and to keep the West far from the Soviet borders • It was failed (Feb, 1946) because Iran (Ahmad Qavam, prime minister) moved to the West and sent the question to the UN.

32. 1946 – the year of “Cold War in writing” – the establishment of Cold War discourse • The Joint Chiefs of Staff (US) predicted the tension between members of the Grand Alliance, January 1946 • Kennan telegram, February 1946 • Clark Clifford report, Sep, 1946 • Novikov’ Telegram, Sep, 1946 and

33. 1946 Kennan finally undermined the Roosevelt approach to the Soviet Union: Perceptions of the Soviets • a permanent aggressiveness of the USSR instead of a rational behavior as Roosevelt claimed; • a deviate behavior of the Soviet Union instead of correct motives in Soviet foreign policy and as result • a permanent containment of the Soviet system instead of integration of the SU in world community • Novikov's telegtam (was declassified until 1992) – American global imperialistic policy must be stopped >> Containment VS. roll back on all azimuths was formed finally in 1951

34. Homework_1 1) Read files «Documents_1» http://sir.spbu.ru/obrazovanie/master/rs/library/ Questions located on the page #1 should be answered. • 2) Presentation about the Kennan Telegram: your interpretations (group participation is welcome): • To give detailed analysis of what he has written in the telegram (#6, pp. 15-29)