Psychology in Action (8e) by Karen Huffman

1. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation Chapter 15: Therapy Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

2. Lecture Overview • Insight Therapies • Behavior Therapies • Biomedical Therapies • Therapy and Critical Thinking ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

3. Introductory Definitions • Psychotherapy: techniques employed to improve psychological functioning and promote adjustment to life • Three Major Approaches to Therapy: • Insight (personal understanding) • Behavior (maladaptive behaviors) • Biomedical (mental illness and medical treatments, such as drugs) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

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5. Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy Psychoanalysis/ psychodynamic Cognitive Humanistic Group, Family, and Marital ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

6. Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic • Psychoanalysis: Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

7. Insight Therapies: Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic • Five Major Techniques of Psychoanalysis: • Free association • Dream analysis • Analyzing resistance • Analyzing transference • Interpretation ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

8. Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic • Evaluation of psychoanalysis: Limited applicability and lack of scientific credibility • Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more directive, and more modern form of psychoanalysis that focuses on conscious processes and current problems ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

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10. Insight Therapies: Cognitive • Cognitive Therapy: focuses on faulty thinking and beliefs • Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk(unrealistic things a person has been telling himself or herself) • Cognitive Restructuring (process of changing destructive thoughtsor inappropriate interpretations) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

11. Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) • Two Major Cognitive Therapies: • Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) • Aaron Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

12. Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) • Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): eliminates self-defeating beliefs through rational examination ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

13. Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) • Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy:confronts and changes behaviors associated with destructive cognitions • Depressive Thinking Patterns: • selective perception • overgeneralization • magnification • all-or-nothing thinking ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

14. Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued) • Evaluation of cognitive therapy: • Pro: Considerable success with a range of problems • Con: Criticized for overemphasizing rationality, ignoring unconscious dynamics, minimizing importance of the past, etc. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

15. Insight Therapies: Humanistic • Humanistic therapy: Maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment) • Key assumption: People with problems are suffering from a blockage or disruption of their normal growth potential, which leads to a defective self-concept. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

16. Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Cont.) • Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy: emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy and productive • Techniques include: • Empathy • Unconditional positive regard • Genuineness • Active listening ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

17. Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Continued) • Evaluation of humanistic therapy: • Pro: Evidence for success • Con: Basic tenets, such as self-actualization, difficult to test scientifically ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

18. Insight Therapies: Group, Family, and Marital Therapies • Group Therapy: a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals • Family and Marital Therapies: work to change maladaptive family and couple interaction patterns ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

19. Behavior Therapies • Behavior Therapy: group of techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors • Three foundations of behavior therapy: • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Observational learning ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

20. Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning • Systematic Desensitization: gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fearful stimuli while remaining relaxed ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

21. Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

22. Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning • Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

23. Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning • Operant Conditioning Techniques Used to INCREASE Adaptive Behaviors: • Shaping--successive approximations of target behavior are rewarded (includes role-playing, behavior rehearsal, assertiveness training) • Tokens: symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behavior ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

24. Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning • Operant Conditioning Techniques Used to DECREASE Maladaptive Behaviors: • Extinction: withdrawal of attention • Punishment: adding or taking away something(e.g., time-out) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

25. Behavior Therapies: Observational Learning • Modeling: watching and imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors • Participant Modeling: combining live modeling with direct and gradual practice ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

26. Behavior Therapies (Continued) • Evaluation of behavior therapies: • Pro: Strong evidence for success with a wide range of problems • Con: Questioned and criticized for generalizability and ethics ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

27. Biomedical Therapies • Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to reduce or alleviate symptoms of psychological disorders • Three forms of biomedical therapy: • Psychopharmacology • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) • Psychosurgery ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

28. Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology • Four major categories of drugs: • Antianxiety (increases relaxation, reduces anxiety and muscle tension) • Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations and other symptoms of psychosis) • Mood Stabilizer (treats manic episodes and depression) • Antidepressant (treats symptoms of depression) ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

29. Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

30. Psychopharmacology—How Antidepressants Work ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

31. Biomedical Therapies (Continued) • Electroconvulsive Therapy: based on passing electrical current through the brain and used when other methods have not been successful • Psychosurgery: operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

32. Therapy and Critical Thinking • Therapy Essentials--Five Common Goals ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

33. Therapy and Critical Thinking ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

34. Therapy and Critical Thinking: Gender and Cultural Diversity • Cultural Similarities in Therapy: • naming a problem • qualities of the therapist • establishing credibility • placing the problems in a familiar framework • applying techniques to bring relief • a special time and place ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

35. Therapy and Critical Thinking: Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.) • Cultural Differences: • Therapies inindividualistic cultures emphasize independence, the self, and control over one’s life. • Therapies in collectivist cultures emphasize interdependence. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

36. Therapy and Critical Thinking: Gender and Cultural Diversity (Cont.) • Key considerations for women and therapy: • Higher rate of diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders • Stresses of poverty • Stresses of multiple roles • Stresses of aging • Violence against women ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

37. Therapy and Critical Thinking: Institutionalization • Institutionalization— Criteria for involuntary commitment: • Dangerous to self or others • Believed to be in serious need of treatment • No reasonable alternatives ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

38. Therapy and Critical Thinking: Institutionalization (Continued) • Deinstitutionalization: discharging as many people as possible from state hospitals and discouraging admissions • Community services such as community mental health (CMH) centers work to cope with the problems of deinstitutionalization. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

39. Therapy and Critical Thinking: Evaluating and Finding Therapy • Forty to 90 % who receive therapy are better off than people who do not. • Guidelines for Finding a Therapist: • Take time to “shop around.” • If in a crisis, call 24-hour hotlines or college counseling centers. • If others’ problems affect you, get help yourself. ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)

40. Psychology in Action (8e)byKaren Huffman PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation End of Chapter 15: Therapy Karen Huffman, Palomar College ©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007 Huffman: Psychology in Action (8e)