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Kinship and Family

Kinship and Family. HISTORY AFFECTS PRESENT DAY KINSHIP AFFECTS:. MARRIAGE RESIDENCE (WHERE LIVE AFTER MARRIAGE) GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR ETHNIC GROUP IDENTIFICATION FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT. FAMILIES. KINDS OF FAMILIES HOUSEHOLDS (WHO LIVES TOGETHER) FOOD PRODUCTION

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Kinship and Family

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  1. Kinship and Family

  2. HISTORY AFFECTS PRESENT DAYKINSHIP AFFECTS: MARRIAGE RESIDENCE (WHERE LIVE AFTER MARRIAGE) GENDER DIVISION OF LABOR ETHNIC GROUP IDENTIFICATION FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION DEVELOPMENT

  3. FAMILIES KINDS OF FAMILIES HOUSEHOLDS (WHO LIVES TOGETHER) FOOD PRODUCTION STATUS OF WOMEN MORAL GUIDANCE

  4. . • Birth “blood” = consanguine (consanguineal) • Marriage = affine (affinal)

  5. Types of descent • 1. Patrilineal (many African groups, Chinese, Semitic groups, some American Indian, etc.) • 2. Matrilineal (some African, some American Indian, etc.)

  6. KINSHIP TYPES continued • 3. Bilateral (European, North American, Civilization of the Bow, etc.)--means two sides • 4. Bilineal or duolineal (some groups such as Hausa)--means two lineages

  7. Bilateral: “two sides”we have this • Four grandparents • FF, FM, MM, MF

  8. Bilateral Kinship • Each side--equally important, but exceptions • famous, geography, special feelings • demography, etc. • Shallow--only 2-3 generations • Patrinomy--takes father’s name

  9. Unilineal: One line is selected • Different from our bilateral kinship • Determines matters of inheritence, identity, marriage mates • Usually either patrilineal or matrilineal

  10. Patrilineal are about 80% of unilineal societies • Matrilineal are about 20% of unilineal societies

  11. Patrilineal • Civilization of the Spear, Forest, Cities, • Long geneaologies in one line • Other relatives are known and there are relationships

  12. Matrilineal • Civilization of the Granaries, Forest, Cities • Long geneaologies in one line • Other relatives are known and there are relationships

  13. Lineages • People related by birth and descent and are able to trace the relationships • You are always a member of your lineage, never change, even after marriage

  14. Lineages form specific groups of people • Divides everyone in the society into discrete groups • People may reside together or near by

  15. Lineages • We don’t have them, but we use the word colloquially

  16. Clan • Two or more lineages that trace descent to a common (founding) ancestor • Usually do not reside altogether • We don’t have them, but we use the word colloquially

  17. Clans • Some societies have a small number, • e.g., twelve • Others have many • they may break away (fusion)

  18. Marriage • Relationship between two extended families, as well as between the man and woman • Arranged by family elders • Now, there is more choice in urban areas

  19. Transfer of goods and property between the families

  20. Bridewealth (bride price) • No one is purchased • Transfer of wealth (payment) from the groom’s side to the bride’s side to

  21. Bridewealth • Compensate for bride’s labor • Legitimizes the marriage • Transfer rights in children • Strengthens the relationship between families and the marriage itself

  22. High in Patrilineal societies • Low in Matrilineal societies

  23. Forms of marriage • mono--gamy (most) • bi--gamy (illegal form) • poly--gamy (multiple spouses) • poly-gyny (more than one wife) • surrogate (barren woman; no sons) • ghost (died before leaving offspring)

  24. Polygyny • Must treat all the same • Economic reasons--women in agriculture • Demographic reasons: higher male mortality?? • Wealth and prestige • post-partum taboo on sexual intercourse

  25. Polygyny (* patrilineal only) • *Levirate (marry brother’s wife after his death) • *Preference for large families, male heirs

  26. Genealogies triangle for man (on left) circle for woman (on right) square gender unknown (ego does not know it) • death line through the symbol • twins

  27. Abbreviations • M, F • Z, B • D, S, • C • no grands (use MM or FF) • no nieces or nephews (use MBS. FZD)

  28. All geneaologies start from a ego (color in) • ascending generations A1, A2, A3, ...An • descending generations D1, D2, D3, ...Dn

  29. Genealogies • Descent lines “go down” • Marriage lines “go up”

  30. Siblings, twins in birth order from left to right

  31. Marriage line

  32. Divorce--line through marriage line

  33. Death while still married

  34. First husband divorced and woman remarried • marriage and divorce are listed sequentially

  35. Polygynous marriage

  36. Married couple and children

  37. “Rules” • All siblings belong to the same group • Same mother and same father offspring grouped together

  38. Patrilineal Societies • Children belong to the father’s lineage • Brothers and sisters are members of their father’s lineage • Men in authority are Fathers

  39. Matrilineal Societies • Children belong to the mother’s lineage • Brothers and sisters are members of their mother’s lineage • Men in authority are Mother’s Brothers (MB), not husbands or fathers

  40. Unilineal type and Children • Patrilineal Matrilineal • man kids are yours • woman kids are yours

  41. Unilineal groups--like a corporation • Exist through time • Patrilineal societies-- men reside in same area

  42. Who’s in the patrilineage?

  43. Who’s in the Matrilineage?

  44. Family types • Nuclear • Extended (many types)

  45. Households: affected by the life-cycle • Just married • Family with kids • Female-headed • Children grown up • Widow or widower

  46. Households • Larger ones have more resources • Pawning and fostering • Servants and apprentices, • Clients

  47. Non-kinship groups • Age grades, age sets • separates parents and kids • membership other than from the family • Some societies only • Method of social organization

  48. Most societies are collectivist • Group survival • Sharing tasks

  49. Stateless or non-centralized • Broad and diffuse authority • Polity: legal zone, jural community • Heads of households solve disputes • Domestic units • Lineages • Cross-cutting links such as age sets

  50. State or Centralized • Chieftancy • Recruitment to office based on lineage principle • Disputes settled by hierarchical system • Can be multi-ethnic

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