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Class #3: Wednesday, September 1, 2010

Class #3: Wednesday, September 1, 2010. Tropical climates, continued. Fig. 17-2, p. 472. Fig. 17-6, p. 477. Fig. 17-7a, p. 478. Fig. 17-7b, p. 479. Table 17-1a, p. 480. Table 17-1b, p. 480. Fig. 9-2, p. 225. Fig. 9-14, p. 232. Fig. 9-14, p. 232. Fig. 9-15, p. 234. Fig. 9-22, p. 239.

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Class #3: Wednesday, September 1, 2010

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  1. Class #3: Wednesday, September 1, 2010 Tropical climates, continued

  2. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-2, p. 472

  3. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-6, p. 477

  4. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-7a, p. 478

  5. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-7b, p. 479

  6. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Table 17-1a, p. 480

  7. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Table 17-1b, p. 480

  8. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-2, p. 225

  9. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-14, p. 232

  10. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-14, p. 232

  11. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-15, p. 234

  12. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-22, p. 239

  13. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-22a, p. 239

  14. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-22b, p. 239

  15. Stepped Art Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-22c, p. 239

  16. Stepped Art Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-22c, p. 239

  17. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-23, p. 239

  18. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-24, p. 240

  19. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-24a, p. 240

  20. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-24b, p. 240

  21. Stepped Art Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-25, p. 241

  22. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-26, p. 241

  23. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 9-30, p. 243

  24. Fig. 17-2, p. 472

  25. Common features of tropical climates • Occur mainly between tropics of Cancer and Capricorn (23.5º N and S) • Warm year-round, no winter • Minor or minimal change in temperature throughout the year • All are moist (as opposed to dry) climates • All influenced by the rising branch of the Hadley circulation and the ITCZ

  26. Types of tropical (A) climate There are 3, based on different degrees of seasonality of precipitation Tropical wet climate, Af • Significant rainfall every month of the year Tropical wet and dry climate, Aw • Pronounced (“winter”) dry season Monsoonal climate, Am • Relative dryness for 1-3 months but enough moisture that vegetation need not be adapted to seasonal drought • Smaller area than that influenced by monsoons

  27. Tropical wet (Af) • Largest areas in Amazon Basin, western Africa, islands of East Indies (maritime continent) • Under constant influence of ITCZ • No dry period, precipitation convective, sometimes with orographic uplift (Atlantic coast of Central America • Not the hottest climates because evaporation uses so much energy and cloudiness reflects

  28. Af (continued) • Night temperatures stay warm on account of high humidity • Vegetation is tropical rain forest • Dense canopy of tree cover • Tremendous amount of species diversity

  29. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-9, p. 481

  30. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-8, p. 481

  31. Monsoonal (Am) • Can be thought of as transitional between tropical wet (Af) and tropical wet and dry (Aw) • Occur along tropical coastal areas with predominant onshore winds • Northeastern South America, southwest India, eastern Bay of Bengal, Phillipines • Not the same as monsoonal winds, which affect a larger area

  32. Am (continued) • Precipitation depends on speed convergence as wind approaches the coast • Precipitation also enhanced by orographic uplift • Local convergence from surface heating not important like for Af • Some precip from tropical storms, hurricanes, extratropical cyclones • Among the highest precipitation amounts in the world

  33. Am (continued) • Warmest month just before summer monsoon • Usually support dense forests, lush vegetation, jungle • Not so luxuriant or as abundant in species diversity as Af, but much more than Aw

  34. Fig. 9-31, p. 244

  35. Fig. 9-32, p. 244

  36. Tropical Wet and Dry (Aw) • Occur often along the poleward margins of the tropics between Af and B (dry) • Most extensive in South and Central America and southern Africa • Farther from the equator, more seasonal variation in precipitation and temperature than Af and Am • High sun season: ITCZ favors thunderstorms • Low sun season: Subtropical high, descending air, suppression of convection

  37. Aw (continued) • “w” is for winter dry season, not wet • Closer to subtropical high than Am, so longer, drier dry season than Am • Tropical depressions , storms and hurricanes can augment precipitation • Less precip overall than Am, Af • Considerable year to year variability, unlike Am, Af • Within the year, more variability in temperature than Am, Af; less than others

  38. Aw (continued) • Diurnal temperature range in dry season much greater than for Af and Am • A unique vegetation type, savannah (not Savannah, Georgia)—grasses interspersed with widely separated trees or clumps of trees. Not necessarily due to the dry season—recurrent fire, waterlogged soil, and hard layers within the soil may be more important

  39. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-11, p. 483

  40. Friday, Sept. 3, 2010 Fig. 17-10, p. 482

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