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Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon

Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon. Presented by J. W. Ha. Contents. Main Points Introduction Dimension of Word Knowledge Organization of the Internal Lexicon Lexical Access. Main Points. Know a word Know its phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic attribute A word’s meaning

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Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon

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  1. Ch. 5 The Internal Lexicon Presented by J. W. Ha

  2. Contents Main Points Introduction Dimension of Word Knowledge Organization of the Internal Lexicon Lexical Access

  3. Main Points • Know a word • Know its phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic attribute • A word’s meaning • Sense : relationships with other words • Reference : relationships between a word and an object or an event • Internal Lexicon • The organization of word knowledge in permanent memory • Representation with semantic networks • Lexical Access • Word knowledge activation • Influenced by the frequency, attributes, ambiguity, and so on

  4. Introduction • Word guessing game • How is the game performed? • Word information • Retrieving process • Store process • Internal Lexicon • The representation of words in permanent memory • Lexical Access • The process by which we activate words’ meanings

  5. Dimension of Word Knowledge Phonological Knowledge Syntactic Knowledge Morphological Knowledge Semantic Knowledge

  6. Phonological / Syntactic Knowledge • Phonological Knowledge • Phonological attributes • Pronunciation • Homophones : bear / bare • Tip-of-the-Tongue(TOT) phenomenon • Not successful at retrieving a particular word • But remember something about how it sounds • Syntactic Knowledge • Category • A part of speech • The aging pianist stunned the audience • Grammatical rules • Open-class(Content) words / Close-class(Functional) words

  7. Morphological Knowledge • How many words do we know? • Distinction • React / Reaction / Reactive / Reacting • Morphemes • Inflectional morphemes • Express grammatical contrasts • -s(pl), -ed(past) • Derivational morphemes • Create new words • -ion(noun) • Order • Derivational > Inflectional • Neighborhoods

  8. Semantic Knowledge [1/4] • Meaning of Words • Sense and reference • Denotation and connotation • Reference • The relationship between words and things in the world • Referent : a thing • Determine the truth condition of a sentence • “There is a brown cow grazing in the field” • Abstract, Not existent • Mental Model

  9. Semantic Knowledge [2/4] • Sense • Word’s place in a system of relationship which it contracts with other words in the vocabulary • Relation : Synonymy, Coordination, Hypernymy, Meronymy • Synonymy : same meaning (fear / panic) • Coordination : same level in a hierarchy (cat, dog / animal) • Hypernymy • The relationship of superordination within a hierarchy • Bird : hypernym / Sparrow : hyponym • Meronymy • A part of an object • Back, legs / chair

  10. Semantic Knowledge [3/4] • Sense • Word association test • Kent and Rosanoff (1910) • Read aloud a list of words to a person who gave “the first word that occurs to him/her other than stimulus word itself • Chair result • Table > seat > sit > furniture > sitting > wood > rest > …. • Semantic Relations • Taxonomic relations : furniture, table • Attribute relations : seat, cushion, legs • Functional relations : comfortable, wooden, hard

  11. Semantic Knowledge [4/4] • Denotation and Connotation • Denotation • The objective and dictionary meaning • Phonological information (pronunciation) • Orthographic information (spelling) • Semantic information (various meanings) • Connotation • Certain aspects of meaning beyond explicit descrpitions • Bachelor and spinster

  12. Organization of the internal Lexicon The Concept of a Semantic Network Hierarchical Network Models Spreading Activation Models

  13. Concept of a Semantic Network • Semantic Network • Main idea regarding the organization of the lexicon • The network based on relations makes a good deal of sense • Neuro and brain scientific perspectives

  14. Hierarchical Network Models[1/4] Has skin Can move around Animal Eats Breaths Has fins Has wings Bird Can swim Can fly Fish Has gills Has feathers Can sing Salmon Ostrich Canary Shark Is yellow • Collins and Quillian(1969, 1970, 1972) • Taxonomic and Attributive relation • Taxonomy : hyponymy, hypernymy, coordination • Attributes

  15. Hierarchical Network Models[2/4] • How attributes and properties are stored in the lexicon • Inference • Aristotle was not blinded by the incident • The rock was not blinded by the incident • Inferred information from what information we do have stored in mental lexicon • Cognitive Economy • The space available for the storage if semantic information was limited, so that it would be beneficial to store information only in one place in the network • Only at the highest possible node

  16. Hierarchical Network Models[3/4] • Semantic verification task • Determine that “A is a B” is true / false • Measure a decision time  distance • Intersection search • A bird is an animal • We continue to search for relevant information until the two items in the sentence intersect • Category-size Effect • Verification time • In “A is a B”, the higher B, the longer the reaction times • A canary is a bird < A canary is a animal • Typicality Effect • Similarity reduces verification times for true and increases for false • A robin is a bird < An ostrich is a bird • A whale is a fish > A horse is a fish

  17. Hierarchical Network Models[4/4] • Limitation of strict cognitive economy model • Collie, dog, mammal, animal • Repose time of mammalian feature > one of animal feature • Basic-level Terms • Attributes are more likely to be stored at more familiar locations in the network

  18. Spreading Activation Models [1/2] Street Vehicle Car Bus Truck Ambulance Fire Engine Orange House Red Yellow Fire Green Apple Cherry • Collins and Loftus(1975) • An alterative of cognitive economy model • Modify the hierarchical assumption • Organization is not strictly hierarchical (web) • Node distance • Structural (taxonomic) • Consideration (typicalty) • Difference of accessbility • Retrieval occurs by a processof spreading activation • Limitation • No phonological, syntactic, and morphological aspects • Model of concept rather than word

  19. Spreading Activation Models [2/2] Wool Milk Animal Gives Growth Is an Gives Is an Conceptual Level Sheep Goat Sense Sense Noun Gender Sheep (mouton) Goat (chevre) Lemma Level Male Sound Form Sound Form Sip gout Lexeme Level • Bock and Levelt (1994) • Three levels • Conceptual level • Lemma level • Syntactic aspect • Lexeme level • Phonological aspect • Limitation • No referential aspect

  20. Lexical Access Models of Lexical Access Variables that Influence Lexical Access Appraising Models of Lexical Access

  21. Models of Lexical Access [1/2] • Search Model • Foster’s autonomous search model • Components • Orthographic properties • Phonetic properties • Descending order of frequency • Assume that lexicon is autonomous and independent • Not directly influenced by syntactic or semantic factors • Revision : parallel components • Logogen Model • Morton • Logogen : specifies the word’s various attributes • Activation (parallel) • Sensory input : orthographic or phonological stimuli • Contextual information : syntactic and semantic structure • Her closest relatives was appointed as her legal guardian • Thresholds

  22. Models of Lexical Access [2/2] • Cohort Model • Marslen-Wilson • To account for auditory word recognition • Three stages of spoken word recognition • A set of lexical candidates is activated (word initial cohort) • A member of the cohort is selected for further analysis • Selected lexical item is integrated into the ongoing semantic and syntactic context • Angela misplaced ba…. (bag, bath, bat, …) • Multiple source analysis • The activation levels of different items in the cohort vary as a function of their similarity to the incoming signal • Initial candidate elimination • More phonological information or sentence  narrow, discard

  23. Variables that Influence Lexical Access [1/3] • Word Frequency • Major factor • Phoneme monitoring • Foss task • Lexical visual task • word and non-word guessing in high / low frequency word • High frequency < low frequency • Phonological Variables • Stress, intonation pattern • Syntactic Category • Open-class : difference in high / low-frequency words • Close-class : No differnece

  24. Variables that Influence Lexical Access [2/3] • Morphological Complexity • Distinguish between affixes of a word and the base • Independent storage of base word and morpheme • Response Time : -ment < -ence < -ion • Semantic Priming • Two phases • Priming stimulus • Target is presented • Bread < nurse in Butter

  25. Variables that Influence Lexical Access [3/3] • Lexical Ambiquity • More than one meaning • Significant property of language • Examples • Rapid righting with his uninjured had saved from loss the contents of the capsized canoe. (sound) • The man started to drill before the truck arrived • Contextual bias vs. meaning frequency • The jealous husband read the letter • The antique typewriter was missing a letter

  26. Appraising Models of Lexical Models • Word frequency • All model consider • Logogen : threshold • Search Model : descending order • Priming • All model consider • Cohort Model • Be better positioned to explain the full range of factor • Spoken word recognition

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