French Revolution

1. French Revolution By: Jennifer & Jamie Lancaster

2. France Pre-Revolution • Third Estate • Economic Problems • Social Problems

3. The third estate • About 27 million people(98% of population) • Classes were: • Bourgeoisie(middle class): bankers, merchants, and manufactures, lawyers, doctors, journalists, professors, and skilled artisans • Rural peasants(bulk of estate; nine out of ten people):landowners, tenant farmers, day laborers • Urban workers(poorest):servants, stable hands, porters, construction, or even unemployed

4. Economic Troubles • Deficit Spending: governments is spending more money than it is taking in • Costs of bread and crops had risen in 1700’s • By 1789- half of government tax went to pay the interest of debt (Same with U.S today)

5. Economic Troubles • In the 1770’s: a general decline began, meaning trade was not accessible or successful as before • Late 1780’s: bad harvests sent food prices soaring in price • Lack of food had inflamed people, causing riots demanding bread • Raised taxes left people with no option to buy necessitates

6. 1789 • Tennis Court Oath • Storming of the Bastille • Great Fear • King & Queen

7. Tennis Court Oath • The Third Estate established the National Assembly • Got locked out of their regular meeting place (at Versaille) • They moved to the indoor tennis court • Pledge to not leave France until a new Constitution was formed • Took place June 20th, 1789

8. Storming The Bastille • Bastille-medieval fortress used as a prison • July 14, 1789 • More than 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille • Troops were sent to Paris by King Louis XIV, looking for gunpowder and weapons. • Army killed hundreds as well as the Governor and mayor of Paris

9. The Great Fear • A period of panic and riot by peasants and others • Along with rumors of an “aristocratic conspiracy” by the king • Hadthe privileged to overthrow the Third Estate • Led to the abolishment of the feudal regime and adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.

10. What Happened To The King and Queen? • Group of Paris women invaded Versailles • Demanded to see the king & queen • Sought out to bring King Louis XIV to Paris and succeeded • Wanted the king to no longer ignore their suffering • Showed that the king was subject to the pressure of the people.

11. Reign of terror 1792-1794 • National Convention-Louis XIV & Marie Antoinette • Maximilien Robespierre involvement • How was Reign of Terror stopped??

12. Maximilien Robespierre Involvement • Chief of architects of the Reign of Terror • Wanted to further his idealism and impose it on the French Nation which resulted in “The Reign of Terror” • He killed whoever opposed his views(estimated 25,000 people were) • Feared members of convention turned on Committee of Public Safety • Robespierre was arrested on July 27, 1794 & executed

13. The National Convention • Radicals calling for a new election for a new legislative body (National Convention) • Convention met in Sept. 1792 • Voted to abolish the monarchy and declare France as a Republic • Numbered 749 deputies including tradesmen, businessmen, and many professional men

14. What Happened To Louis XIV? • Louis XIV was put on trial • Trialed as a traitor • Was convicted by a single vote • Sentenced to death/beheading • Tried to speak but his words were drowned out by drums • Moments after his speaking, the king was beheaded

15. Reign Of Terror • Lasted from July 1793 to July 1794 • Maximilien Robespierre rose to wield great power in the revolutionary government • He was instrumental in instituting the Reign of Terror • When Robespierre was killed, The Reign Of Terror ended because he was the leader of it (the realization that Robespierre was wrong stop it as well) How the reign of terror Ended?

16. Constitution Of 1795 • Set up a five-man Directory and a two house legislature elected by males • The directory faced growing discontent • Peace was made with Prussia and Spain • Was prepared by the Thermidorian Convention

17. Women Rights • Women did not gain rights for some time • As the revolution progressed, women’s right to express their views were attack • A committee of the National Convention declared that women lacked “Moral and physical strength” to practice political rights • Women’s revolutionary clubs were banned • Violators were arrested • Women were imprisoned and sent to the guillotine

18. Changes In Daily Life • Red “liberty caps” and the tricolor symbols established the equality and liberty of all males • The title citizen had applied to people of all social classes • Revolution war gave French people a strong sense of national identity • By the year 1793, France was a nation in arms

19. Social Reform • Revolutionaries pushed for social reform as well as religious toleration • Set up state schools to replace religious schools • Organized systems to help the poor, war widows and war soldiers • The Convention tried to de-Christianize France

20. Napoleon Takes Charge • Becoming dictator • Changing France & Napoleonic Code • Building an empire

21. Becoming Dictator • Was determined & eager • 1793-drove British forces out of French port of Toulon. Won several victories • By 1799-he went from general to political leader • 1802-had himself named consul for life

22. Changing France • Main goal was to strengthen the central government • Controlled prices, encouraged new industry, & built roads/canals • System of public schools under strict government control • Made peace with Catholic Church

23. Napoleonic Code • Embodied enlightenment principals such as: • Equality of all citizens before the law • Religious toleration • Advancement based on merit • What happened to women rights?? • Well, they lost most of them • They could not exercise the rights of citizenship • Males regained complete authority over them

24. Building an empire • Faced down combined forces of the greatest European powers • Made effective use of his large armies • Added territory to France like: • The Netherlands • Belgium • Parts of Italy & Germany

25. Napoleon’s Downfall • Napoleon & France disliked in Europe • Napoleon’s army defeated in Russia • Napoleon’s legacy

26. Napoleon & France Disliked In Europe • Lots of benefits to the people like reduced trade barriers & stimulating industry But…… • Saw Napoleon’s army as foreign oppressors • Nationalism unleashed revolts against France • Napoleon wanted to undermined the Catholic Church but the Spanish resisted resulting in well-armed French forces responding with brutal repression

27. Defeat IN RUSSIA • Russians were unhappy with the effects economically of Napoleon’s Continental systems • Napoleon had enlarged the Grand Duty of Warsaw that had bordered Russia • led to czar to withdraw Russia from the Continental System • Russian attacks and brutal Russian winters took a terrible toll on Napoleon

28. Napoleon’s Legacy Died in 1821 Was he “the revolution on horseback” or “traitor to the revolution” Good That came out: • Centralized state with a constitution • Rights to property • Access to education • Ideas of revolution spread Bad That came out: • Failed to make Europe into a French empire • French citizens lost many rights promised

29. Congress Of Vienna • Restoring Stability in Europe • Major Changes after Revolution & Napoleon’s Reign

30. Restoring Stability In Europe • Wanted to create a lasting peace by establishing balance of power & protecting system of monarchy: • Balance of power- • Redrew map of Europe; ringing France with strong countries • Gave Prussia lands along The Rhine River to prevent French expansion • Restoration of Monarchs- • Promoted legitimacy (Principal by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored)

31. Major Changes After Revolution & Napoleon’s Reign • Didn’t see war on a “Napoleonic scale” until 1914 (Napoleon fought the biggest war until World War 1 ) • Inspired people to seek equality & liberty • Nationalism remained strong • Congress created a framework of peace