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Balraj Singh, McMaster University Debrecen, June 30, 2011

One St p Shopping for Nuclear Data. Balraj Singh, McMaster University Debrecen, June 30, 2011. Databases: Structure & Reactions. Nuclear structure and decay data compilation and evaluation. Theme and purpose:

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Balraj Singh, McMaster University Debrecen, June 30, 2011

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  1. One St p Shopping for Nuclear Data Balraj Singh, McMaster University Debrecen, June 30, 2011

  2. Databases: Structure & Reactions

  3. Nuclear structure and decay data compilation and evaluation Theme and purpose: • Nuclear data are essential to the development, implementation and maintenance of all nuclear sciences and technologies. • The international network of Nuclear Structure and Decay Data (NSDD) evaluators is sponsored by the IAEA, and consists of evaluation groups and data service centers in many countries. • This network has the objective of providing to the nuclear community up-to-date nuclear structure and decay data for all known nuclides by compiling and evaluating all existing experimental data on a timely basis, including some theoretical data.

  4. History of Nuclear Structure Data Compilation and Evaluation • From 1930 to current: a long tradition to keep track of data on nuclides, levels, radiations, half-lives, decay modes, etc. • One of the rare fields in science where almost each experimental article (also some theory papers) published and a large number of secondary (grey) literature has been documented, critically read (beyond the referees), and collated in databases.

  5. Renowned scientists who contributed to the first nuclear data evaluation. Tradition in nuclear physics has continued 81 years later, we still report to IAEA in Vienna !

  6. Evaluated data in 1930 Evaluated decay half-lives, lifetimes and decay constants. And it seems, the frustration of evaluators go back a long way.

  7. Evaluated data in 1930 cont. Alpha- and beta-decay correlated gamma-rays! All in all, the (first) evaluation covers 45 naturally occurring isotopes of uranium, radium, actinium and thorium families with K and Rb included for good measure! About 70 gamma rays identified.

  8. Artificial Nuclides: 1935: • Compilation of known nuclides, including artificial nuclides was published by Giorgio Fea in 1935: • Tabelle Riassunitive E Bibliografia delle Transmutazioni Artificiali, Nuovo Cimento 6, 1 (1935) • Proposed data display in terms of wall chart, later followed up by E. Segre and G. Seaborg

  9. !!! !!!

  10. 1940: Origin of the Table of Isotopes Seaborg and collaborators published table in RMP: 1940, 1944, 1948, 1953, 1958. Seaborg tradition continued in Berkeley: TOI: 1966, 1978, 1996 (with 1999 update)

  11. Parallel Efforts • T. Lauritsen (Caltech); and later Fay Ajzenberg-Selove (Philadelphia): 1948 to about 1988; currently with TUNL: A=1-20 region. • B.S. Dzhelepov (Dubna); later with L. Peker and others: all nuclides. 1950- • P. M. Endt and C. van der Leun (Utrecht): 1954-1998: A=21-44 region.

  12. Wall charts of nuclides • Emilio Segre (as member of Enrico Fermi’s group) introduced the first chart, with Z along the x-axis and N along the Y axis: May 1945: Los Alamos report with classified data omitted! Original ideas in G. Fea’s 1935 article in Nuovo Cimento. • G. Friedlander, M. Perlman: 1948: GE Research Lab, created the first wall chart with N along x-axis and Z along y-axis. Seventeen editions (last one in 2010) have since been published by Knolls Atomic Power Lab (KAPL).

  13. Wall charts • Karlsruhe Nuclide chart: Walter Seelmann-Eggebert and Gerda Pfenning: 1958- onwards: 7 editions, most recent in 2006. • JAERI (JAEA) chart: 1977- onwards: 7 editions, most recent in 2010. • Strasbourg nuclide chart: 1992

  14. Most complete effort: ORNL + BNL • 1948: Katherine Way: Clinton Labs as part of Manhattan project started collecting nuclear data. • 1953: named as Nuclear Data Project. Located at National Bureau of Standards, Washington, later named National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Data in terms of loose-leaf pages called Nuclear Data Sheets. • 1964: moved back to Oak Ridge. Book form published by Academic Press. A>44 region. • 1965: Nuclear Data Sheets journal by Academic Press. • 1970: ENSDF format of data files: computer production of tables and drawings.

  15. A>44 at ORNL • 1975: International Nuclear Structure and Decay data Network (NSDD) under the auspices of IAEA. While ORNL still led the effort, several other countries got involved with data evaluation: additional centers in the US at LBNL, BNL, INEL, UK, Germany, France, Belgium, USSR, Japan, China, Kuwait. Holland continued with A=21-44 region (Peter Endt and Cor van der Leun). Covered all mass regions. • Every two years NSDD network meting organized by IAEA. Last one in April 2011. • 1980: coordination center and production of NDS moved to National Nuclear Data Center at Brookhaven National Lab. Since then it has continued at BNL.

  16. ENSDF Data Centers

  17. Other ENSDF participants • Bucharest: A. Negret: A=75 • Krakow: K. Zuber; A=61, 57, XUNDL compilations • Ukraine: D. Symochko • India: M. Gupta (Manipal): A=260-...; P. Joshi (TIFR); G. Mukherjee and S. Basu (Saha Institute: Calcutta). • Jordan: K. Abusaleem: A=71, 249 • UK: A. Nichols: A=62 • IAEA: D. Abriola • GANIL: F. Manssour

  18. ENSDF-related evaluations • Atomic Mass evaluations: G. Audi and D. Lunney (Orsay), M. Wang (Lanzhou), B. Pfeiffer (GSI), F. Kondev (ANL) AME-2011 interim file available. • Static (magnetic, electric) nuclear moments: N. Stone (Oxford, Oak Ridge, Tennessee). 2010 file available: will soon be in print in ADNDT Q values, separation energies, etc. and moments in ENSDF are directly from the above two sources.

  19. Other evaluations • Proton decay of radioactive nuclei: A. Sonzogni, BNL, (2002) • Alpha decays of even-even nuclides: Y. Akovali, ORNL, • Superdeformed bands and fission isomers: B. Singh, 2002 • Logft values: systematics: B. Singh, 1998 • B(E2) systematics for first 2+ states: Z=24-30; B. Pritychenko (BNL), H. Mihai (Michigan), B. Singh (McMaster): 2011; in press ADNDT. Other mass regions are in progress. • Delayed neutron emission probabilities: in discussion last two days at GSI: I. Dillmann (GSI), other participants may be from BNL, McMaster, IAEA, LANL.

  20. XUNDL Experimental structure Data ~2800 Experiments (since 1998) ENDF Evaluated reaction data multiple data types CSISRS Experimental reaction data >17,700 experiments ENSDF Evaluated structure data >2900 Nuclides (since 1960) Essence of ~60k papers NSR Nuclear science references (bibliography) ~210k papers (since 1960) Major Nuclear databasescover 100 years of research

  21. Viewers of ENSDF • Nuclear Data Sheets: journal (Elsevier Science) • NUDAT-2: BNL • Livechart of nuclides: IAEA • NUBASE-2011 (G. Audi et al, Orsay)

  22. McMaster contribution • ENSDF, Nuclear Data Sheets: ~20% • XUNDL: ~95% • NSR (at present): ~25%

  23. NuDat front page Search forms Navigation Controls Chart, active area Help From A. Sonzogni, BNL

  24. Who needs nuclear data?And what for? • Astrophysics • nucleosynthesis • Basic science (physics) • testing nuclear theory models • designing experiments • reducing experimental data • National security • stockpile stewardship • criticality safety • Homeland security • detecting illicit trafficking of nuclear materials • Nuclear power • new reactor design • fuel cycle • operation safety • radiation shielding • waste disposal and transmutation • Nuclear medicine • radioisotope production • dose calculation • radiotherapy • diagnostics • Oil borehole logging

  25. Nuclear data dissemination Major users of Nuclear Data 1. US 45% 2. EU 24% 3. Japan 5.5% 4. Russia 4.0% 5. Canada 2.5%

  26. March Retrieval Statistics from NUDAT 2.5: Nudat retrievals up by ~50% in the following weeks A. Sonzogni Japan Earthquake Friday 3/11/2011

  27. Conclusion • Contributions to ENSDF are welcome, as several data evaluators, like myself are at (or beyond) the retirement stage. Thank you for your patience!

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