Chapter 11: The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic

1. Chapter 11:The Triumphs and Travails of Jeffersonian Republic

2. Jefferson’s Presidency (page 76) • Louisiana Purchase (most valuable area, New Orleans) (owned by Spain) (Napoleon convince Spain to give it back) (hoped to set up empire but lost interest) (need resources to fight England) (heavy losses/Caribbean) • U.S. Interest in the Mississippi River (western farmers need river) (transport goods) (Spain had closed New Orleans port before) (concern over foreign control/port) (European entanglements) • Negotiations (Jefferson sends ministers to purchase N.O.) (if failure/start negotiations, U.S.-British alliance) (France ready/sell) (offers entire La. Territory/$15 million) (U.S. accepted offer) • Constitutional Predicament (Americans approve of Purchase) ( strict interpretation?) (can a president buy foreign land?) (set aside “idealism” for good of country) (sends purchase/Congress) (President’s power: make treaties) (ignores Federalists’ criticism)

3. Consequences • Doubles size of U.S. • Removes foreign presence from nation’s borders • Guaranteed extension/western frontier to lands beyond Miss. • Strengthened Jefferson’s hopes that future be based on agrarian society of independent farmers • Increased Jefferson’s popularity (showed Federalists’ weaknesses) (all they can do is complain about Republicans) • Lewis & Clark (Scientific exploration) (went to Pacific) (geographic/scientific knowledge) (claims to Oregon Territory) (improved relations w/ Native American tribes) (maps, land routes)

4. Jefferson’s Reelection (page 78) • Aaron Burr (1804 caucus won’t nominate Burr/VP) (loose cannon) (Burr angry, goes on destructive ventures) • Federalist Conspiracy (pact w/ radical N.E. Federalists) (win governorship/NY, unite w/ New England, secede/Union) (most Federalists followed Hamilton/oppose Burr) (defeated in NY) (conspiracy disintegrated) (Hamilton upset w/ Hamilton’s insults) • Duel w/ Hamilton (Burr challenges Hamilton) (fatally shot) (Burr runs, political suicide/ironic) (despised by many) • Trial for Treason (take Mexico from Spain/unite w/ Louisiana) (put himself ruler) (Jefferson orders Burr arrested/charges of treason) (Chief Justice Marshall presides over trial) (adversary of Jefferson) (Burr acquitted of treason) (politically disgraced)

5. Difficulties Abroad (page 80) • Barbary Pirates (1st major foreign policy) (North Africa) (confiscation of ships) (Jefferson refuses to pay, send Marines) (fighting in Tripoli lasted 4 years) (no victory, did get respect) • Challenges to U.S. Neutrality (England/France at war) (Britain more guilty, contraband/captured ships/impressment) • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (British/Leopard fired on Chesapeake) (3 killed, 4 impressed) (Americans want war, Jefferson says no) • Embargo Act, 1807 (alternative to war) (U.S. can’t trade) (Britain needs us, will stop violating neutral rights) (New England depends on trade, hurt the worst) (Federalists, revenge on us) (New England talks of secession) (Jefferson repeals in final days of presidency)

6. E. John Marshall & the Supreme Court Frame #6 • Background (after 1800, only Federalist control is in courts) (judges can’t be recalled/removed, only by impeachment) • Marshall (served for 34 years) (same impact as Washington) (decisions strengthened govt., at expense of states’ rights) • Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (Adams’ “midnight appointee”) (Madison ordered not to deliver appointment) (Marbury, loses) (Marshall rules that Congress’ Judiciary Act unconstitutional) (judicial review) (Supreme Court can overrule other 2 Branches) • Judicial Impeachments (Jefferson wants to remove partisan judges) (campaign of impeachment) (mentally ill, removed) (Samuel Chase) (no evidence of “high crimes”) (Jefferson, partisan move/failure) (in future, judges more cautious/less partisan)

7. Madison’s Presidency (page 81) • The Election of 1808 (brilliant thinker/statesman) (weak speaker, temperamental, stubborn, not a Jefferson) (Federalists gained seats/Congress, Embargo) • Commercial Warfare (terms dominated/European problems) (used diplomacy/economic pressure) (took U.S. to war) • Nonintercourse Act, 1809 (Embargo repealed) (end economic hardship & maintain U.S. neutrality) (trade w/ all nations except Britain/France) • Macon’s Bill No. 2 (attempt to restore trade w/G.B. & France) (whoever agrees to respect U.S. 1st, won’t trade with other) • Napoleon’s Deception (France agrees, embargo placed on G.B.) (Napoleon continued seizing U.S. merchant ships)

8. The War of 1812 (Page 83) • Free Seas & Trade (U.S./trading nation, needs trade for survival) (England/France at war, each won’t respect U.S. neutrality rights) (Americans sympathize more w/ France, Republic/Revolution) (British more blatant about impressment, seen more as an enemy) • Frontier Pressures (western Americans want Canada/Florida) (British & Indian/Spanish allies in the way) (Indians defend lands) (Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh/warrior & Prophet/religious leader) (want to unite all tribes east of Miss. River) (Whites want action) (Governor/General William Henry Harrison responds) • War Hawks (new young aggressive senators from frontier states) (Clay & Calhoun) (eagerness for war) (honor, Canada, Indians) • Declaration of War (British delays & political pressure led to war) (ironically, British met demands, end naval blockade)