Biology TAKS Review

1. Biology TAKS Review

2. TAKS covers a lot of Biology… for more help with Biology after today, check out AM/PM and lunch tutoring!

3. Let’s start with Ecology…

4. Food Chain A food chain shows the flow of energy through the organisms in a community What terms would you use to describe each step in the food chain?

5. Food Chain Quaternary Consumer Tertiary Consumer Secondary Consumer Primary Consumer Producer

6. Food Chain The arrows show the direction of ENERGY FLOW! It does not matter which way food chain is placed on paper…arrows always go in direction of energy flow! Energy still goes from the plant to the grasshopper, then mouse, then snake, then eagle… follow the arrows! For example, energy flows from the plant to the grasshopper when the grasshopper eats the plant.

7. LEAST Energy MOST Energy Food Chain Only 10% of the energy at one level is passed on to the next energy level. The producers contain the MOST energy contains the LEAST energy. 90% of energy is lost as heat

9. Food Webs Food Webs are lots of food chains linked together…use the same terms to describe organisms!

10. Food Webs Which organisms are the producers?

11. Food Webs Which organisms are the primary consumers?

12. Food Webs Which organisms are herbivores?

13. Food Webs Which organisms are carnivores?

14. Food Webs Which organism is an omnivore?

15. Food Webs What’s missing?!? Decomposers! (bacteria or fungi)

16. Let’s practice… Try questions 1-13 on your review packet

17. Now let’s talk about relationships between organisms…

18. Mutualism • This type of relationship benefits both organisms involved. • Example: A bee and a flower. • It’s good for the bee because the bee needs the pollen to make honey. It’s good for the flower because the bee will pollinate the flower, and a flower needs to be pollinated for reproduction.

19. Mutualism

20. Parasitism • This type of relationship benefits one of the organisms and harms the other organism involved in the relationship. • Example: A flea on a cat. A leech on an animal • It is good for the flea because the flea gets its nourishment from the cat. It is bad for the cat because the flea bites the cat and opens the skin for possible infection, and the cat also loses blood.

21. Commensalism • In this type of relationship, one organism benefits while the other organism is neither harmed nor benefited. • Example: Barnacle • on a shell. It is good for the barnacle because it needs somewhere to live, but it doesn’t harm the shell.

22. Predation • In this type of relationship, one organism captures another organism for food. • Example: • A lion eats • a zebra

23. Let’s practice… Try questions 14-20 on your review packet

24. Now let’s talk about CELLS…

25. All cells have… 1. Genetic Material…DNA in chromosomes 2. Cell membrane 3. Cytoplasm – fluid inside the cell 4. Ribosomes – organelles that make proteins

26. There are two main types of cells…. 1. Prokaryotic Cells - ONLY Bacteria - do NOT have a nucleus or any other organelles surrounded by membranes 2. Eukaryotic Cells - found in animals, plants, fungi, and protists - DO have a nucleus and other organelles surrounded by membranes

27. There are two main types of cells…. NOT living Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Viruses are even smaller and NOT made up of cells. They are considered to be nonliving. They reproduce inside a host cell. Prokaryotic Cell (no nucleus) Eukaryotic Cell (has nucleus)

28. There are two types of bacteria…. 1. Kingdom Eubacteria - no nucleus, typical bacteria, have cell wall made up of chemical called peptidoglycan - Ex.Streptococcus pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes pneumonia…can be treated with antibiotics 2. Kingdom Archaebacteria - no nucleus, live in extreme environments, cell walls lack peptidoglycan - Ex. bacteria that live in polar ice caps or undersea volcano vents

29. Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms…. 1. Kingdom Animalia - eukaryotic, multicellular - no cell wall, no chloroplasts, no central vacuole Heterotrophs! 2. Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic, multicellular - cells do have cell wall made of cellulose surrounding cell membrane - have chloroplast for photosynthesis - also have central vacuole for water storage Autotrophs!

30. Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms…. Remember that fungi are one of our types of decomposers! 3. Kingdom Fungi - eukaryotic, multicellular - no chloroplasts, no central vacuole - cell wall made of chitin 4. Kingdom Protista - eukaryotic and mostly UNICELLULAR - some have cell walls, some do photosynthesis - move with cilia, flagella, pseudopodia - very DIVERSE kingdom!

31. What type of cell is this? How do you know?

32. Animal Cell No cell wall No chloroplast No central vacuole

33. What type of cell is this? How do you know?

34. Prokaryotic (Bacterial) Cell DNA NOT in a nucleus! No nucleus Ribosomes, but no other organelles

35. What type of cell is this? How do you know?

36. Protist Cell Eukaryotic Unicellular organism Use cilia to move

37. What type of cell is this? How do you know?

38. Protist Cell Eukaryotic Unicellular organism Use psuedopodia to move

39. What type of cell is this? How do you know?

40. Plant Cell Cell Wall Chloroplast Central vacuole

41. What type of cell is this? How do you know?

42. Protist Cell Eukaryotic Unicellular organism Use flagella to move

43. Let’s practice… Try questions 21-30 on your review packet

44. What do all of those cell organelles do?

45. Controls what goes in and out of cell Selectively permeable to maintain homeostasis Cell Membrane

46. Nucleus Contains DNA, control center of the cell

47. Powerhouse of the cell – makes ATP in cellular respiration Mitochondria

48. TIME OUT! Aerobic Cellular Respiration Reminder: Cells convert the stored chemical energy in glucose(a sugar) to chemical energy stored in ATP using oxygen…produces carbon dioxide and water. This occurs in the mitochondria! C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H20

49. Ribosomes Ribosomes make proteins…they are in ALL cells tiny dots

50. Endoplasmic Reticulum Transportation system to move proteins in cell