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Fungi

Fungi. General Characteristics. Primarily terrestrial Filamentous __________ Coenocytic (aseptate) septate mycelium Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae. Hyphae. Fungal Hyphae. General Characteristics (animal-like). Heterotrophic absorption ( saprobes ) parasitic mutualistic

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Fungi

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  1. Fungi

  2. General Characteristics • Primarily terrestrial • Filamentous • __________ • Coenocytic (aseptate) • septate • mycelium • Haustoria – specialized parasitic hyphae Hyphae

  3. Fungal Hyphae

  4. General Characteristics(animal-like) • Heterotrophic • absorption (saprobes) • parasitic • mutualistic • Cell Wall:______ • Store sugar as glycogen Chitin

  5. Fungal Reproduction • Asexual • haploid spores (conidia/sporangia) • Sexual • hyphae (haploid) • Syngamy (diploid) – (like us) • ____________ (dikaryon) (Heterokaryon) • karyogamy (diploid) Plasmogamy

  6. Fugal Reproduction

  7. Fungal Classification

  8. Division: Chytridiomycota • Have _______ (rare in fungi) • Coenocytic hyphae or unicellular • Cell wall: chitin • Saprobes or parasites • May be most primitive fungi Flagella

  9. Division: Zygomycota

  10. Division: Zygomycota • Coenocytic Fungi • Mostly terrestrial (live on decaying material) • Example: Rhizopus (Black bread mold) • Uses: birth control pills, meat tenderizers, margarine coloring (enzymes)

  11. Key Essay! – probably at least one fungi one plant life cycle! Haploid (n) Heterokaryotic (n + n) Diploid (2n) Fig. 31-13-4 PLASMOGAMY Mating type (+) Gametangia with haploid nuclei Mating type (–) 100 µm Young zygosporangium (heterokaryotic) Rhizopus growing on bread SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Dispersal and germination Zygosporangium KARYOGAMY Sporangia Spores Diploid nuclei Sporangium ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS Dispersal and germination Mycelium 50 µm

  12. Division: Zygomycota • Microsporidia • Parasitic • Loss of organelles • Cause disease in people with immune deficiency • Used as pest control

  13. Division: Glomeromycota • Arbuscular mycorrhizae • Coenocytic Fungi • ________ - associated with plant roots • increases surface area for the absorption of water and nutrients Mutualistic

  14. Division: Ascomycota

  15. Divison: ________ Ascomycota • Septate fungi (sac fungi) • Saprobes, mutualistic • Examples: Dutch Elm Disease, yeasts, truffles, some molds • Uses: Penicillium, pathogens (penicillin, tumor suppression) food (cheese and soy sauce)

  16. Conidia; mating type (–) Key Haploid spores (conidia) Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n + n) Fig. 31-17-4 Diploid (2n) Dispersal Germination Mating type (+) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Hypha PLASMOGAMY Ascus (dikaryotic) Conidiophore Dikaryotic hyphae Mycelia Mycelium SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Germination KARYOGAMY Dispersal Diploid nucleus (zygote) Eight ascospores Asci Ascocarp Four haploid nuclei MEIOSIS

  17. Division: Basidiomycota

  18. Division: Basidiomycota • Septate Fungi (Club fungi) • Saprobes, parasites, mutualistic • Examples: mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi • Uses: Food

  19. Division: Basidiomycota • Fairy Rings

  20. Dikaryotic mycelium PLASMOGAMY Haploid mycelia Mating type (–) Fig. 31-19-4 Mating type (+) Gills lined with basidia Haploid mycelia SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Basidiocarp (n+n) Dispersal and germination Basidiospores (n) Basidium with four basidiospores Basidia (n+n) Basidium Basidium containing four haploid nuclei KARYOGAMY MEIOSIS Key Haploid (n) Dikaryotic (n+n) Diploid nuclei Diploid (2n) Basidiospore 1 µm

  21. _________ fungi (no sexual cycle), septate hyphae Examples: Penicillium?, Aspergillus, predatory fungi Stachybotrys chartarum Division: Deuteromycota Imperfect Some taxonomist say Penicillium is an Ascomycota and deutromycota does not exist

  22. __ Lichen_____ • Mutualistic - association with a green algae or cyanobacteria and an ascomycota or basidiomycota • Pioneer organisms

  23. Ecological Impacts • Decomposers • Pathogens (30% of species…most plant pathogens). • 10-50% world’s fruit lost due to Fungi • Ergots on rye (lysergic acid > LSD) • Food Production – recycling, alcohol, cheese, truffles • Ergots – another compound used to reduce blood pressure/maternal bleeding after childbirth

  24. Worldwide 1/3 of worlds amph suffering serious decline • 60% human diseases originate from animals

  25. Plant Diversity I

  26. Highlights of Plant Evolution Gymnosperms

  27. Alternation of Generation Both a __________ haploid and __________ diploid stages in the life cycles. Multicellular Multicellular

  28. Nonvascular Seedless plants _____________ Mosses Hepatophyta Liverworts Anthocerophyta Hornworts Vascular Seedless plants Lycophyta Club mosses Psilophyta Whiskferns Spenophyta Horsetails _____________ Ferns Classification of Seedless Plants (Kingdom: Plantae) Bryophyta Pterophyta Kingdom Plantae – currently defined as plants with embryos) We will treat all of these as “divisions”!

  29. Bryophytes - Nonvascular Seedless Plants • Plant is a thallus (no vascular tissue) • no true leaves, roots, stems • __________/_________: • Gametophyte • (antheridium and archegonium) • sporangium (produces spores) Gametophyte Sporophyte

  30. Hepatophyta Leafy • Liverworts • Two forms • __________ (80%) • __________ (20%) Thalloid

  31. Hepatophyta • Liverworts • Reproduction • Asexual (_______________) • sexual Gemma Cups

  32. Anthocerophyta Sporophyte • ____________ • Hornworts • Similar to liverworts except for sporophytes • Most closely related to higher plants

  33. BryophytaMosses

  34. Bryophyta Moss gametophytes grow more vertically than horizontally Essay!

  35. Pteridophytes - Vascular Seedless Plants Xylem • Formation of vascular tissue • __________ (water) • __________ (food) • True leaves, roots, and stems • Lignin (chemical in cell wall) • Sporophyte generation dominate • Sperm with flagella Phloem

  36. Lycophyta • Lycophytes • true leaves • Microphylls – small, usually spine shaped leaves with a single vein. • true stems • true roots • ____________ • leaves that produce spores Sporophylls

  37. Psilophyta • Whisk Ferns • True stems • no true leaves • no true roots

  38. Sphenophyta • Horsetails • true leaves • microphylls • true stems • silica • true roots

  39. Division: Pterophyta

  40. Division: Pterophyta

  41. Fern Life Cycle Essay!

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