Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion 1890-1909

1. Chapter 27: Empire and Expansion1890-1909 We assert that no nation can long endure half republic and half empire, and we warn the American people that imperialism abroad will lead quickly and inevitably to despotism at home. Democratic National Platform, 1900

2. American Imperialism • New American Foreign Policy • Worldwide “Age of Empire” influenced American statesmen • America looked outward to increase holdings as means to maintain internal strength and increase power internationally • America As a World Power • Farmers and factory owners looked for markets beyond American shores to meet needs of growing nation (population, industry, wealth, etc.) and as a safety valve to relieve labor and agrarian unrest (fear of ‘closing frontier’) • “Yellow journalism” depicted the world as a great adventure to be enjoyed • Missionaries became interested in saving foreign souls • Social Darwinists believed the world was for ‘survival of the fittest’ and that meant Americans • Development of strong navy viewed as key to world dominance

3. Commercial/Business Interests U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908

4. Commercial/Business Interests American Foreign Trade:1870-1914

5. Military/Strategic Interests Alfred T. Mahan wrote The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783 (1890) arguing that control of the sea was key to world dominance. This book spurred competition among world powers. Americans demanded greater navy and also a canal to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

6. Social Darwinist Thinking The Hierarchy of Race The White Man’s Burden

7. Religious/Missionary Interests American Missionariesin China, 1905

8. Closing the American Frontier

9. Alaska

10. “Seward’s Folly”: 1867 Secretary of State William Seward Purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million

11. “Seward’s Icebox”: 1867 Seward ridiculed for pushing through purchase of Alaska

12. American Imperialism • “Big Sister” Policy • Policy aimed at getting Latin American countries to support American leadership and opening Latin American markets to American trade • Proposed by James G. Blaine, Secretary of State • Pan American Conference held in Washington, D.C. • Included 17 Latin American nations • Goals were to create customs union between Latin America and U.S. and also a system to work out problems peacefully • Diplomatic Success • Latin American nations agreed to creation of Commercial Bureau of the American Republics • Worked to promote cooperation among nations of Western Hemisphere • Later called the Pan-American Union • Today exists as Organization of American States

13. Problems with Diplomacy • American and German navies conflicted over Samoan Islands (officially divided in1899) • American and Italy went to brink of war over lynchings of 11 Italians in New Orleans in 1891 (U.S. paid compensatory damages) • Hostilities arose between America and Chile when two American sailors were killed in the port of Valparaiso (Chile paid indemnity) • American dispute arose with Canada over seal hunting off the coast of Alaska (settled by arbitration) • Crisis with Britain over boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela arose after discovery of gold

14. The Great Rapprochement • Venezuelan Boundary Dispute • Discovery of gold in disputed area along border of British Guiana and Venezuela brought U.S.to brink of war with Britain (1895-1896) • President Cleveland, along with Secretary of State Richard Olney, invoked Monroe Doctrine • “Twisting the Lion’s Tail” • British has world’s strongest navy • British officials responded that America had no business in dispute • Cleveland called for allocation of funds to set up team to ‘run the line’ and fight if the British refused to accept it • Anglo-American Alliance • British faced problem with Germany and looming war with Boers in South Africa • Agreed to arbitration to prevent war with America • “Patting the eagle’s head” replaced centuries old animosity • Newfound ‘friendship’ became cornerstone of U.S./British foreign policy during the 20th century

15. Hawaii: "Crossroads of the Pacific"

16. Hawaii • Location! Location! Location! • Became prime point for provisioning shippers, sailors, and whalers • U.S. warned foreign countries to keep out • Foreign Missionaries • Sugar Production • American sugar lords imported Asian workers to replace natives (many of whom died from exposure to European diseases) to work cane fields and sugar mills • Chinese and Japanese outnumbered whites and natives , causing U.S. to worry that imperial Japan might be tempted to stake claim • McKinley Tariff hurt Hawaii sugar sales, prompting renewed interest in American annexation • Naval Base of Operation • Treaty in 1887 gave U.S. government exclusive rights to naval base at Pearl Harbor

17. U.S. View of Hawaiians Missionaries in Hawaii Hawaii becomes U.S. protectorate in 1849 through economic treaties Imiola Church originally built in late 1820s

18. Hawaii for Hawaiians • Queen Liliuokalani opposed American annexation of Hawaii • Attempted to establish new constitution to reassert her authority as ruler of Hawaiian islands in 1893 • American Rebellion • Planters led revolt, aided by American troops who landed on island under (unauthorized) orders by American minister • Queen Liliuokalani deposed and provisional government established • American Annexation • Treaty of annexation refused by President Cleveland, who believed Hawaiian people had been wronged • Withdrew treaty and ordered investigation • Hawaii eventually annexed in 1898

19. Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani Hawaii for Hawaiians!

20. U.S. Business Interests In Hawaii • 1875–Reciprocity Treaty • Exempted Hawaiian sugar from tariffs to relieve economic recession • 1890–McKinley Tariff • Hurt Hawaiian sugar growers • 1893–Queen Liliuokalani attempted to impose constitution to reassert her authority to rule Hawaii; white planters led revolt and set up provisional government • 1894 - Sanford Ballard Dole declared Republic of Hawaii Sanford Ballard Dole

21. To The Victor Belongs the Spoils Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898

22. Cuba

23. Cuban Revolt • Spanish oppression in Cuba • Cubans declared independence from Spain in 1868, but rebellion collapsed in 1878 • Cuban rebels fled to U.S., where they were led by Jose Marti (raised awareness and financial support for Cuban independence movement) • McKinley Tariff • Sugar production crippled by high duties • Economic desperation spurred action • Cuban Insurrection • Rebellion renewed in 1895 • Adopted scorched-earth policy • Declared the independent Republic of Cuba • American Involvement • American citizens sympathized with Cubans • Business heavily invested in Cuban sugar; at risk due to upheaval • Feared loss of Cuba would result in loss of control in Gulf of Mexico

24. Spanish Misrule in Cuba

25. Spanish Atrocities in Cuba • General ValerianoWeyler • Appointed governor by Spanish • Called El Carnicero, or “The Butcher” by natives • Reconcentration Camps • Established to prevent Cubans from aiding rebels • Rural Cuban men, women and children forced into camps where many died of starvation and disease • Resulted in renewed calls for American intervention in Cuba • News reports of brutal treatment led to calls for American intervention

26. Reconcentration Policy

27. Yellow Journalism Joseph Pulitzer Hearst to Frederick Remington: “You furnish the pictures,and I’ll furnish the war! William Randolph Hearst

28. De Lôme Letter • Dupuy de Lome, Spanish ambassador to U.S. • New York Journal printed private letter, which criticized President McKinley • Described him as “weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd, besides being a would be politician who tries to leave a door open behind himself while keeping on good terms with the jingoes of his party.” • De Lome resigned • Nation erupted in fury over letter

29. Jingoism • Policy of aggressive nationalism • Strong in Republican Party • Democrats demanded war • McKinley pressured to declare war against Spain • Republicans feared Democrats would win election if no war • Explosion of the Maine spurred U.S. into action • McKinley asked Congress for declaration of war • War declared April 19, 1898

30. Theodore Roosevelt • Assistant Secretary of the Navy for McKinley administration • Supported imperialism and American nationalism (jingoism) • Criticized PresidentMcKinley, saying he “had no more backbone than a chocolate éclair” • Resigned his position to fight in Cuba

31. U.S.S. Maine • Maine sent to Havana • Protect American interests • Show of power • Explosion • February 15, 1898 • 266 sailors killed • Spain concluded that explosion was internal and accidental • U.S. reported explosion was caused by underwater mine • American Outrage • Journalists and public officials blamed Spain • Maine was “last straw” and U.S. declared war

32. Remember the Maine!To Hell with Spain!

33. The Spanish-American War (1898)“That Splendid Little War”

34. Invasion of Cuba • American blockade of Santiago • Spanish fleet hemmed in • American army landed at Santiago • Inefficient and poorly organized • Unsanitary conditions caused more deaths than battle • Rough Riders • Voluntary cavalry unit from American West • Commanded by Leonard Wood but organized through efforts of Teddy Roosevelt • Led attack at El Caney , then famously assisted another regiment capture San Juan Hill (on foot, not horseback) • Spanish fleet attempted to flee Santiago; destroyed by American fleet • Santiago surrendered

35. The “Rough Riders”

36. Cuban Independence • Teller Amendment • Asserted that the U.S. would recognize Cuban independence after the war (basically an assurance that America would not attempt to annex Cuba) • Platt Amendment (1901) • Cuba could not make any treaty with foreign powers that would endanger independence or allow foreign power over any Cuban territory • U.S. given right to intervene in Cuba to protect Cuban independence and/or maintain order • Cuba must allow lease or purchase of naval stations in Cuba (Guantanamo Bay) • Cuba must keep down public debt to prevent foreign power from landing troops to enforce payment • Repealed in 1934

37. The Philippines • Commodore George Dewey ordered by Theodore Roosevelt (who had no authority) to attack Spanish colony at the Philippines • Quickly destroyed Spanish fleet, then waited for American reinforcements to attack Manila • Arrival of German fleet deepened crisis • Emilio Aguinaldo, Filipino revolutionary leader, launched guerilla war against Spanish • American reinforcements arrived and took Manila, but refused to recognize rebel government

38. Dewey Captures Manila

39. Spanish American War Ends • Puerto Rico • Fall of Santiago prompted U.S. to launch invasion of Puerto Rico • U.S. troops met virtually no resistance and occupied island • Spanish Surrender • Spain agreed to cease fire August 12, 1898 • Treaty of Paris ended war • Cuba became independent country • U.S.annexed Guam and Puerto Rico • Spain paid $20 million for Philippines (after much deliberation and criticism) • U.S. became imperial power

40. American Anti-Imperialist League Founded in 1899 to fight American expansionist policies Members included Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, William James, Samuel Gompers and William Jennings Bryan Campaigned against the annexation ofPhilippines and other acts of imperialism Believed annexation violated American principles of democracy

41. Filipino Rebellion • Emilio Aguinaldo launched rebel attack against American forces in February 1899 • Opposed American annexation of Philippines • General Arthur MacArthur led fight against Filipino rebels • Used same tactics as Spanish in Cuba • Set up reconcentration camps which resulted in deaths of thousands of Filipinos • Philippines granted independence July 4, 1946

42. America in the Philippines • William H. Taft appointed civilian governor of Philippines • Attempted to win over Filipinos by improving education, transportation, and health care • Ordered massive building projects to strengthen the economy • Cost the U.S. millions with little return • Lessened Filipino hostility toward America

43. William Howard Taft Little Brown Brothers

44. American Sphere of Influence

45. Puerto Rico

46. Governing Puerto Rico • Foraker Act (1900) • Made Puerto Rico an “unincorporated territory” of United States • Puerto Ricans would not be citizens of U.S. and would not have constitutional rights • Allowed U.S. to pass laws for Puerto Rico • Placed import duties on Puerto Rican goods • Insular Cases(1901 to 1903) • Constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions • Congress had the power to decide these rights • Legalized import duties under the Foraker Act

47. Puerto Rico • Jones Act of 1917 • Gave full territorial status to Puerto Rico • Made Puerto Ricans citizens of U.S. • Removed tariff duties on Puerto Rican goods • Later allowed Puerto Ricans to elect legislators and agovernor to enforce local laws • Puerto Ricans NOT allowed to votein U.S. presidential elections • Resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for Puerto Rico in the House of Representatives

48. China

49. Stereotypes of Chinese Immigrants Oriental [Chinese] Exclusion Act, 1887

50. Open Door Policy • Sino-Japanese War • Fought between China and Japan over Korea • China defeated easily, surprising the world • Allowed European powers, especially Russia and Germany, quickly took advantage of Chinese weakness • Spheres of Influence • Areas where foreign nations controlled economic development • Germany, France, Russia, and Britain all gained “leaseholds” in China • Open Door Policy • Proposed by Secretary of State John Hay • Effectively gave all countries equal access to trade in China • Provided that China would not be taken over by a foreign power • All European powers agreed to U.S. demands except Russia • Chinese had no leadership role in new policy