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ENDOPTERYGOTES

ENDOPTERYGOTES. ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA). Major Change in Life Pattern. Exopterygota. Nymph. Adult. Egg. Endopterygota. Egg. Larva. Pupa. Adult. Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote. 1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult. 2. Change in gut.

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ENDOPTERYGOTES

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  1. ENDOPTERYGOTES

  2. ENDOPTERYGOTA (=HOLOMETABOLA) Major Change in Life Pattern Exopterygota Nymph Adult Egg Endopterygota Egg Larva Pupa Adult

  3. Changes needed in becoming an endopterygote 1. Larval musculature - not functional in adult 2. Change in gut 3. Mouthpart modifications

  4. Are there intermediates? Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) - histolysis of nymphal organs - wing development is external

  5. Are there intermediates? Aleyrodidae - whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) - histolysis of nymphal organs - wing development is external Thrips (Thysanoptera) - histolysis of nymphal intestine, salivary glands, head and thoracic muscles; brain shifts from thorax in nymph to head in "pupa" and adult - wing development is external

  6. Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

  7. Metamorphosis - how do they do it?

  8. Occurrence of Imaginal Discs Megaloptera Rhaphidioptera Some larval epidermis is retained Neuroptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Strepsiptera Endopterygota Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera All adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Trichoptera Lepidoptera Primitive groups retain larval epidermis, in advanced groups all adult cuticle is from imaginal discs Hymenoptera

  9. Metamorphosis - waste products Protein breakdown Deamination Ammonia - toxic Uric acid Meconium

  10. Predominance of the Endopterygota

  11. Phylogeny of Insects Archaeognatha Insecta Thysanura Paleoptera Rhaphidioptera Orthopteroids Megaloptera Pterygota Neuroptera Neoptera Hemipteroids Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Endopterygota Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera

  12. Neuropteroid Orders Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Coleoptera ? Strepsiptera Endopterygota Diptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera Hymenoptera

  13. NEUROPTEROID ORDERS (NEUROPTIDA) NEUROPTERA (antlions, lacewings) MEGALOPTERA (Dobsonflies, alderflies) RHAPHIDIOPTERA (snakeflies) STREPSIPTERA (twisted wing parasites)

  14. 500 400 300 200 100 0 Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Entognatha Archaeognatha Hexapoda Zygentoma = Thysanura) Ephemeroptera Insecta Odonata Plecoptera Embiodea Pterygota Zoraptera Dermaptera Grylloblattodea ? Mantophasmatodea Orthoptera Phasmatodea Blattaria Isoptera Mantodea Neoptera Psocoptera Phthiraptera Thysanoptera Hemiptera Coleoptera Rhaphidioptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Holometabola Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Apterygotes Strepsiptera Trichoptera Paleoptera Lepidoptera Hemimetabolous Holometabolous

  15. Molecular evidence Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Lepidoptera Trichoptera Neuroptera Rhaphidionaptera Megaloptera Coleoptera Strepsiptera Hymenoptera HEMIMETABOLOUS Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Weigman et al, 2009

  16. Comparison of Phylogenies Mecoptera Siphonaptera Megaloptera Diptera Lepidoptera Rhaphidioptera Trichoptera Neuroptera Neuroptera Rhaphidioptera Coleoptera Megaloptera ? Strepsiptera Coleoptera Diptera Strepsiptera Mecoptera Hymenoptera Siphonaptera Coleoptera Trichoptera Rhaphidioptera Lepidoptera Megaloptera Neuroptera Hymenoptera Hymenoptera Mecoptera Siphonaptera Diptera Strepsiptera Trichoptera Lepidoptera

  17. Placement of the Strepsiptera 1. Sister group to the Endopterygota 2. Within the coleopteran suborder Polyphaga 3. Sister group to Coleoptera 4. Sister group to true flies (Diptera)

  18. Hexapod Orders Strepsiptera Strepsi - twisted, ptera - wing Number of Species 500 Common names Twisted wing parasites, strepsipterans Typical habitats Parasites of other insects Distinguishing characteristics -reduced life stages -triungulin larva -forewings are halteres -wings with few veins -females - breed while larval Other features

  19. Strepsiptera - features Males - ‘ raspberry eye’ Forewings = halteres

  20. Strepsiptera - Life cycle Oral secretions soften host cuticle Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite Seeks host Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar -legless grub Triungulin (1st instar larva) hatches Pupation Host cuticle Female larval cuticle Male leaves to seek mate Mating Cephalothorax Female stays in host Brood canal Genital pore

  21. Strepsiptera - Males

  22. Strepsiptera - Females

  23. Strepsiptera - mating = oocyte sperm

  24. Strepsiptera - Life cycle Oral secretions soften host cuticle Host endocuticle detaches and surrounds parasite Seeks host Moults - 2nd and 3rd instar -legless grub Triungulin (1st instar larva) hatches Pupation Host cuticle Female larval cuticle Male leaves to seek mate Mating Cephalothorax Female stays in host Brood canal Genital pore

  25. Hexapod Orders Neuroptera Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing Number of Species 5000 Common names Lacewings, antlions Typical habitats Variable Distinguishing characteristics -numerous crossveins in wing -larvae with incomplete gut -most primitive endopterygote -predaceous larvae Other features

  26. Neuroptera - who are they? Lacewings Larvae - predatory Adults - predatory or pollen feeders

  27. Neuroptera - who are they? Mantispidae -convergent evolution with Mantodea

  28. Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions

  29. Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions Larvae construct pits to trap prey

  30. Neuroptera - who are they? Antlions Modifications for anchoring

  31. Antlion

  32. Native Representations Mimbres bowl Mimbres people were prehistoric Native Americans who lived from around C.E. 200 to 1350 in what is now southwestern New Mexico.

  33. Neuroptera - who are they? Sisyridae - spongilla flies

  34. Neuroptera - who are they? Sisyridae - spongilla flies 3 larval instars 2- 5 generations Crawl to bank & pupate Hatch and parasitize sponges Adults live 2 weeks Eggs laid overhanging vegetation Overwinter as 3rd instar or prepupa

  35. Hexapod Orders Megaloptera Megalo - large, ptera - wing Number of Species 300 Common names Dobsonflies, alderflies Typical habitats Variable , larvae - aquatic Distinguishing characteristics -predatory larvae with complete gut -anal fold in wing Other features -pronotum slightly extended -mandibles in adult not used

  36. Megaloptera - who are they? Adult Larva - “hellgrammite”

  37. Megaloptera - who are they? Adult

  38. Dobsonfly - predator

  39. Megaloptera - who are they? Life cycle Eggs hatch & larvae drop into stream/pond Eggs laid overhanging water Adults mate Pupate in earthen cell Hellgrammite larva

  40. Hexapod Orders Raphidioptera Raphidio - needle, ptera - wing Number of Species 225 Common names snakeflies Typical habitats Forests - found west of Rockies Distinguishing characteristics -greatly extended pronotum -adults and larvae predatory Other features

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