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The French Revolution and Napoléon

CHAPTER 21. The French Revolution and Napoléon. Section 1: The Roots of Revolution Section 2: The French Revolution Section 3: The French Republic Section 4: The Napoléonic Era Section 5: A Return to Peace. Page 511 # 1-3. January 7 th , 1789

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The French Revolution and Napoléon

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  1. CHAPTER 21 The French Revolutionand Napoléon Section 1: The Roots of Revolution Section 2: The French Revolution Section 3: The French Republic Section 4: The Napoléonic Era Section 5: A Return to Peace

  2. Page 511 # 1-3 January 7th, 1789 The first U.S. Presidential election is held, only white men with property were allowed to vote. Section 1: The Roots of Revolution Bellwork: Trivia:

  3. Section 1: The Roots of Revolution The Old Regime • The privileged estates – • First Estate was clergy of Roman Catholic Church • Less then 1% of French Population • Owned 15% of French Land • Collected Rent, taxes and fees from Land • Second Estate was nobility • Less then 2% of French population • Held highest positions in Government and Army • Paid few if any taxes, collected dues from peasants

  4. The Third estate – The rest of French Population • 97% • bourgeoisie (urban middle class)-merchants, manufacturers, professional people such as Doctors and Lawyers • city workers- • Artisans- • rural peasants-Largest group, poorest group

  5. Section 1: The Roots of Revolution Growing Discontent • Increased population and cost of living • Families had more children, needed more money to live • Higher estates raised rents and fees • Bourgeoisie wanted liberty and equality • Had gained strength and prosperity

  6. Section 1: The Roots of Revolution The Financial Crisis • Assistance to United States during American Revolution led to France’s increased debts • 59 Year reign of Louis XV, he was faced with debts inherited from Louis the XIV • Louis XVI tried to raise taxes, hoped a meeting of all three estates would approve new taxes • Married Marie-Antoinette, daughter of Austrian ruler, Maria Theresa • Banks refused to loan French government more money

  7. Section 1: The Roots of Revolution The Meeting of the Estates General • The three estates had previously met separately • Third Estate wanted representatives to vote as individuals

  8. Assignments • Worksheet 21.1-21.2 • Read Sections 1 and 2 • Be prepared for quiz

  9. Page 516 #1, 2, 4 Page 522 #4 Section 2: The French Revolution Bellwork

  10. Section 2: The French Revolution The Spread of the Revolution • During the meeting of the Estates General, King Louis XVI moved troops into position to drive out the Assembly • Parisians took action against the Army • Capture of Bastille prison, looted for weapons and destroyed the Bastille • General Lafayette formed the National Guard • Flag of Red, White, Blue • Peasants developed “Great Fear”, • Fear that the Nobles would try to end the Revolution by crushing the peasants • Peasants attacked local manor houses, destroyed documents recording rents, dues, and obligations.

  11. Section 2: The French Revolution The End of the Old Regime • Tried to end violence by ending feudalism, outlawing tithes, canceling dues and services of peasants • The Declaration of the Rights of Man – basic human rights and political powers, applied to men only • Men are born equal, freedom of speech, press, and religion • All men have right to public office, right of fair trial • “Liberty, equality, fraternity” • Émigrés and royalists – forced Louis XVI and family to return to Paris, supported the Old Regime

  12. Section 2: The French Revolution The Constitution of 1791 • Limited powers of king • Divided government into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial

  13. Section 2: The French Revolution The Legislative Assembly and War • Executive branch was weak • Legislature was inexperienced; divided into conservatives, radicals, and moderates • Legislative Assembly united to wage war on Austria

  14. Section 2: The French Revolution The End of the Monarchy • Louis XVI plotted with foreign powers to overthrow Constitution of 1791 • Legislative Assembly ended the Monarchy • National Convention drew up new constitution

  15. Section 3: The French Republic The National Convention • Universal manhood suffrage – every adult male could vote • Three main groups • Girondins- Republicans that fear Paris would dominate France • Jacobins-supported the dominance of France by Paris • and delegates who had no definite views

  16. Section 3: The French Republic Exporting the Revolution • France was being invaded by an alliance of Great Britian, the Netherlands, Spain, Sardinia, Austria, and Prussia • Committee of Public Safety • adopted “conscription” a draft • All unmarried, able-bodied men between 18-25 were subject to Military service • Opposition – European monarchs formed an alliance against France. • Counterrevolutionary armies developed and fought the revolutionary army

  17. Section 3: The French Republic The Reign of Terror • Reign of Terror- Sept 1793- July 1794 • National Convention worked to suppress all opposition and revolts within France • Evolutionary Tribunal – tried to suppress all opposition and revolts within France • Punished and executed those that were part of or believed to be part of the counterrevolution

  18. Section 3: The French Republic Work of the National Convention • Abolished slavery • Planned public education • Adopted metric system

  19. Section 3: The French Republic The Directory • Governed by five individuals from the government’s executive branch • Eliminated universal manhood suffrage • Weak, corrupt rulers

  20. Assignments • Quiz 21.2 • Read sections 3 and 4 (517-528) • Worksheet 21.3 & 21.4

  21. The Napoléonic Era Bellwork • Page 528 • # 1 & 4

  22. Section 3: The French Republic Napoléon Bonaparte • Born in 1769 on the French Island of Corsica, attended Military school in France, stood only 5’2” • By age 26 he was already a General • Married a leader of French society, Josephine de Beauharnais • Rise of Napoléon – strong military leader, gained control of all northern Italy for France • Napoléon takes power – coup d’état due to unstable government • Used force to over take power

  23. Section 4: The Napoléonic Era Napoléon as Dictator • The Consulate – Napoléon gave himself unlimited power-Dictator • 1799-1814 Napoleonic Era or Age of Napoleon • First five years were called The Consulate • He wrote a new constitution and put it to the people to vote, which was approved by the people • Accomplishments in government • Napoléonic Code • Bank of France • public education-high schools, universities, technical schools • Concordat-agreement with the Pope of Roman Catholic Church-acknowledged that most of France was catholic, but allowed religious freedom

  24. Section 4: The Napoléonic Era Napoléon as Emperor • French people voted to become an empire • Napoléon crowned himself • Power permanent and hereditary • Defeated Austria and Russia • Blockade of British Isles

  25. Section 4: The Napoléonic Era The Reorganization of Europe • Increased nationalism – Napoléon placed members of his own family as monarchs of countries he conquered; loyalty and patriotism • The Peninsular War – Spanish and Portuguese revolt against French rule • Drove Napoleon’s family out of rule in Spain

  26. Section 4: The Napoléonic Era Catastrophe in Russia • Upset that Russia was trading with Great Brittan, though they were allies with France • The Grand Army of 600,000 – marched to Russia, but were defeated through lack of proper housing and supplies, scorched earth • Russian winter was coming so the retreated • Final defeat – Western European countries allied against France and Napoleon • Restored the Monarchy to Louis XVIII

  27. Section 4: The Napoléonic Era The Hundred Days • During 1814 and early 1815 Napoleon escaped exile in Elba and returned to France • King sent army to capture Napoleon • Napoleon convinced them to join him against king • Napoléon led this army into France drove out the King and ruled for one hundred days until Britain, Prussia, and Netherlands were victorious and forced him into exile

  28. Page 533 # 1& 4 January 15, 1992 Tim Berners-Lee (who invented the world wide web) released the first web browser software. Section 5: A Return to Peace Bellwork:

  29. Section 5: A Return to Peace The Congress of Vienna • The principles of the Congress of Vienna, Austria • Restore order, avoid further rebellions against monarchy, keep peace, suppress possible revolutions • Met to achieve stability in Europe and settle Territorial questions • Compensation-the countries that had suffered the most at the hands of Napoleon had to be paid back • balance of power-had to be restored to Europe so that no country became to powerful • Legitimacy-all former ruling families should be restored to their thrones

  30. Section 5: A Return to Peace Reactionary Alliances • Oppose change and try to undo change. • Restored balance of power • Emphasized conservative view to prevent revolution

  31. Section 5: A Return to Peace The Age of Metternich Prince Metternich-a reactionary who believed in absolute monarchy. • Used Secret police and Military suppression to stop liberalism • Liberalism-Extended the ideas of the American and French Revolution. Individual rights and rule of law • Metternich suppressed freedoms such as press and speech

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