“Map Design and Layout”

1. USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Cookeville, Tennessee May 19, 2005 “Map Design and Layout” Jim Besley & Kurt Snider US Fish & Wildlife Service … at your service.

2. USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference “Map Design and Layout” Disclaimer Remember: Cartography is “The art & science of maps and mapping” so . . . Portions of this class may be more like an ARTclass influenced by the likes, dislikes, and abilities of the teacher!

3. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference What we’ll cover today • Types of Maps • The Basics of Map Projections • The Map Design Process • Map Size, Scale, Content, Symbology and Typographics. • Map Layout using ArcView 3.2 • Title, Legend, Scale Bar, Inset Map, Date, Informational Note, and Company Identifier.

4. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Types of Maps • General-Purpose Maps • Thematic Maps

5. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference General Purpose Maps • Also called Reference Maps • Emphasis on location • All data is at the same level of importance • Examples of General Purpose Maps • Topographic, Street, Atlas

6. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Topographic Map

7. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Street Map

8. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Atlas Map

9. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Thematic Maps • Special-purpose, Single topic, and Statistical maps • Two or more levels of importance • Data over a base map • Examples of Thematic Maps • Choropleth, dot, graduated symbol, isoline, flow, and value-by-area maps.

10. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Choropleth Map

11. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Dot Maps

12. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Graduated Symbol Maps

13. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Isoline Maps

14. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Flow Maps

15. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Two-Way Flow Maps

16. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Value-by-Area Maps

17. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference The Basics of Map Projections All you really need to know … UTM - Universal Transverse Mercator Albers - Albers Equal Area Conic Lambert - Lambert Conformal Conic State Plane Coordinate System Datums - NAD27, NAD83, WGS84 Spheroids - Clarke 1866, GRS80

18. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator • Cylindrical (transverse) • Conformal • Scale is true along Central Meridian • Used extensively for quadrangle maps at scales of 24,000 from 250,000 • 60 zones, 6 degrees each.

19. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference UTM Zones of the Lower 48

20. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Albers – Albers Equal Area Conic • Conic • Equal Area • Used for equal-area maps of regions with predominant east-west expanse, especially the United States.

21. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Albers – Albers Equal Area Conic

22. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Lambert – Lambert Conformal Conic • Conic • Conformal • Used for maps of countries and regions with predominant east-west expanse.

23. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Lambert – Lambert Conformal Conic

24. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference State Plane Coordinate System • Grid system developed for surveyors and engineers. • Three projections used - Transverse Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic, and Oblique Mercator. • Originally, units in feet with NAD 27 datum, new work done in meters with NAD 83 datum.

25. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference State Plane Coordinate System

26. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Datums A datum is a set of parameters and control points used to accurately define the three dimensional shape of the earth.

27. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Datums – NAD27, NAD83, WGS84 • NAD27 - North American Datum 1927 - based on Clarke 1866 spheroid - Initial starting point was the triangulation station, Meades Ranch, Kansas. • NAD83 - North American Datum 1983 - based on Geodetic Reference System (GRS) 80 - Initial starting point in a sense is the center of the earth. • WGS84 – Used by most GPS systems. Very much like NAD83 but also uses a gravity model of the earth for improved accuracy.

28. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Spheroids

29. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Spheroids – Clark 1866, GRS80 • Clarke 1866 - Ellipsoid used in establishing a datum (NAD27) for horizontal control in large-scale mapping until 1927. • Geodetic Reference System (GRS) 80 - Ellipsoid created with satellite information using the earth’s center of mass for calculations. No single origin used. Used for establishing North American Datum 1983 (NAD83).

30. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Eastings & Northings False Easting - The x coordinate value assigned relative to the origin point of the projection. False Northing - The y coordinate value assigned relative to the origin point of the projection.

31. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Cool World Projection

32. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference The Map Design Process • Choosing a Map Size • Elements of a map composition • The Design Filter • Planar Organization of Visual Elements

33. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Choosing a Map Size First ask yourself these questions: • What does the end user want or need? • Can you physically produce the desired size? (i.e. output limitations?) • Are there publishing, framing, or laminating restrictions or limitations? • Will the data be legible or useful at the desired size?

34. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Map Size Rule of Thumb If left to you to determine map size, produce it at the smallest size feasible.

35. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Common Mapping Sizes Letter . . . . . . . . . . 8.5” x 11” Legal . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5” x 14” Ledger . . . . . . . . . . 11” x 17” USGS Quad . . . . . . . 24” x 30” “2x3” . . . . . . . . . . . 24” x 36” “3x4” . . . . . . . . . . . 36” x 48”

36. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Standard Media Sizes ANSI Media A = 8.1” x 9.66” B = 10.6” x 15.7” C = 15.7” x 20.6” D = 21.6” x 32.7” E = 33.6” x 42.7”

37. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Elements of a Map Composition

38. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Elements of a Map Composition Mapped and Unmapped Areas Borders and Neatlines Graticules and Grids Map Symbols Place Names and Labeling Title and Subtitle Legend Scale Bar Inset Map Credit Note Date Logo North Arrow

40. Title -Usually draws attention by virtue of its dominant size; serves to focus attention on the primary content of the map; may be omitted where captions are provided but are not part of the map itself.

41. Legend - The principal symbol-referent description on the map; subordinate to the title, but a key element in map reading; serves to describe all unknown symbols used.

42. Map legend - The principal symbol-referent description on the map; subordinate to the title, but a key element in map reading; serves to describe all unknown symbols used.

43. Map Scale -Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.

44. USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference More on Map Scale “Map Design and Layout” Map scale is a unit of measurement on the map related to the appropriate number of same units on the Earth’s surface and is usually stated as a representative fraction. For example: 1/24,000 or 1:24,000 scale One (1) unit on the map represents 24,000 units on the ground (1 inch = 24,000 inches which equates to 1 inch = 2000 feet).

45. USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference “Map Design and Layout”

46. “Map Design and Layout” USFWS Region 4 GIS Conference Map Scale Rule of Thumb If at all possible, SCALE YOUR MAP !!! A GIS makes it easy.

47. Map Scale -Usually included on a thematic map; it provides the reader with important information regarding linear relations on the map; can be graphic, verbal, or expressed as an RF.

48. Inset Map or Location Diagram – This informs the map user of the context of the map, i.e. the big picture. This will keep the user from having to guess the location of the map.

49. Informational or Credit Note - Can Include the map’s data source, an indication of their reliability, dates, and other explanatory material.

50. Date – Use if the time of a map’s publication is a factor. This may also work well as part of the Sub-title.