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Psychological Explanations

Psychological Explanations. Nurture over nature?. Micro analysis… (soft)determinism…medical. The Legacy. Positivism and demonology & ‘bad seed’ concept Metaphysical basis Role of individual factors Work of James Hillman ’96 Modern day versions and the role of religion

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Psychological Explanations

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  1. Psychological Explanations Nurture over nature?

  2. Micro analysis… (soft)determinism…medical

  3. The Legacy • Positivism and demonology & ‘bad seed’ concept • Metaphysical basis • Role of individual factors • Work of James Hillman ’96 • Modern day versions and the role of religion • Possession of “evil” and rationale for punishment!

  4. Emergence of Psychology & Criminality • G. Aschaffenburg – role of heredity • H. Maudsley - “moral degeneracy” • I. Ray - moral insanity • S. Yochelson & S. Samenow – there may be a “criminal personality” • Intrapsychic Explanations: • Freud & internal conflicts of early childhood experiences (id, ego, superego) • … defence mechanisms, anxieties, neuroses

  5. Crime and the uncontrolled ID • Unconscious need to express guilt • Repressed memories and act out • Importance of dreams and messages • Summary: • Endured years of skepticism and critique • Recognized both neurological and biological links to personality • Interdisciplinary in many respects

  6. Learned Behaviour - Cognition • Environment > Mind > Behaviour • … frustration-aggression model • Road rage • consequence of frustration • degree of interference • risk of apprehension • cathartic • “copy cat”- idols? (Box 6.5) • Social learning based on cognition

  7. Learning…. Not also with ease

  8. Moral Development • “no one with a conscience or moral fibre would…” • We develop a sense of morality and responsibility • J. Piaget – 4 stages of moral development • L. Kohlberg - 3 levels and 6 stages: do and don’ts; societal values; & universal rights • … how does one measure objectively? • Moral reasoning and offenders

  9. Behavioural Explanations • Environ > Brain processing > Beh response • classical conditioning: I. Pavlov • US + CS > CR = UCR • simultaneous, delayed, trace, backward • avoidance therapy & aversion therapy

  10. Operant/Instrumental conditioning: B.F. Skinner • J. B. Watson ‘father of experimental psychology’ • … conditioning vs. free-will • … behaviour and reinforcement

  11. Token economy: positive vs. negative • Schedules: • ratio; interval • behaviour modification • not dwell on PAST…. (applied) • restorative justice, BM programs

  12. Summary • Examine the roots of behaviour • Objectifying attitudes (evil) • Crime a product of internal conflict • Behaviour is cognitive based • Medical analogy • … but behaviour is more complex

  13. See you next week...

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