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Problemløsning

Problemløsning. Per Holth HiAk. Tidlig forskning. Lite tegn til “band-wagon” forskning Hvor sentrale problemstillinger styrer empirisk og teoretisk arbeid Metoder for aritmetikk-trening Læring “ved innsikt” Etablering av ferdigheter hos mentalt tilbakestående

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Problemløsning

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  1. Problemløsning Per Holth HiAk

  2. Tidlig forskning • Lite tegn til “band-wagon” forskning • Hvor sentrale problemstillinger styrer empirisk og teoretisk arbeid • Metoder for aritmetikk-trening • Læring “ved innsikt” • Etablering av ferdigheter hos mentalt tilbakestående • C. G. Aldrich og medarbeidere publiserte flere artikler om “problem solving among idiots” (f.eks., Aldrich, 1931; Aldrich & Doll, 1931).

  3. Forskningstradisjoner • Gestalt/kognitiv • Læring • Computer/informasjons-prosessering • Psychometrisk/komponent-analyse

  4. 1. Gestalt/kognitiv • Innsikt, produktiv tenkning, strukturell reorganisering • Køhler, Wertheimer, Duncker, Maier • Birch, Harlow • Fixedness, fixity, einstellung • Er problemløsning produktiv eller bare reproduktiv?

  5. 2. Læring • Watson (verbale protokoller) • Birch, Harlow • Epstein, Lanza, Skinner • Ulike kilder til ’novel behavior’

  6. 3. Computer/informasjons-prosessering • Newell & Simon (1972) • Eysenck & Keane (1995) • Problem space theory • State space flowchart

  7. 4. Psychometrisk/komponent-analyse • Spearman’s (1923) originale g • Guilford’s (1967) 120 • Kahney (1993) 5-6 • Sternbergs • Lenestol-analyse • Måling av reaksjonstider

  8. Hva er et problem? • Every advance in understanding perception, memory, language and problem solving will feed into endeavours to help people become better problem solvers. (Kahney, 1993) • Since there is probably no behavioral process which is not relevant to the solving of some problem, an exhaustive analysis of techniques would coincide with an analysis of behavior as a whole. (Skinner, 1966)

  9. Definisjoner • Radford’s and Burton (1974): “ . . . any situation in which the end result cannot be reached immediately” (p. 39) • Kahney (1993): “whenever you have a goal which is blocked for any reason  lack of resources, lack of information, and so on  you have a problem. Whatever you do in order to achieve your goal is problem solving.” ( p. 15) • Newell and Simon (1972): “A person is confronted with a problem when he wants something and does not knowimmediately what series of actions he can perform to get it” (p. 72) • Skinner’s (1966) terms, “behavior which solves a problem is distinguished by the fact that it changes another part of the solver’s behavior and is reinforced when it does so (p. 225) • Davis (1973) suggested that “A problem is a stimulus situation for which an organism does not have a ready response” (p. 12)

  10. Problemer med definisjonene • Målet kan ikke nås umiddelbart • Noe må gjøres først for å muliggjøre atferd som produserer forsterkeren • Raaheim-Skinner • Hindring (obstacle) • Det må være en mulig løsning • ’Novelty’

  11. Hva er ’novelty’? • SD R  SR Forstyrrelse av relasjonen SD R • Tid • Kompleksitet

  12. Kognitivist-slutninger om forekomst av kognitive fenomener • Atferd i overensstemmelse med et bestemt mønster eller en regel • Verbale selvrapporter om kognitive fenomener • Diskontinuitet i atferd • Lange reaksjonstider • Atferds overlevelse over tid

  13. Private hendelser i atferdsanalyse • Fortolkninger baserer seg på begreper og prinsipper som direkte avledet fra eksperimentelle analyser • Scientific interpretation is a consumer, not a producer of principles (Donahoe & Palmer, 1994, s. 127)

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