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From Neutrality to Interventionism

From Neutrality to Interventionism. Europe. Hitler Gets Some Lebensraum. In 1936, Hitler violated the terms of the Versailles Treaty and invaded the Rhineland March 1938, Hitler orders German forces to march into Austria to unify German-speaking peoples in one great nation ( Anschluss )

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From Neutrality to Interventionism

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  1. From Neutrality to Interventionism Europe

  2. Hitler Gets Some Lebensraum • In 1936, Hitler violated the terms of the Versailles Treaty and invaded the Rhineland • March 1938, Hitler orders German forces to march into Austria to unify German-speaking peoples in one great nation (Anschluss) • September 1938, Hitler demands that Czechoslovakia cede the Sudetenland to Germany

  3. Hitler Gets Some Lebensraum

  4. The Failure of Munich/Appeasement • September 29, 1938 – Hitler met with leaders of France & Great Britain to resolve the crisis • French & British agreed to accept German demands in Czechoslovakia in return for Hitler’s promise to expand no farther • British Prime Minister, Neville Chamberlain returned to England assuring his people that the agreement assured “peace in our time.”

  5. Failure of Munich/Appeasement II

  6. Failure of Munich/Appeasement III • March 1939 – Hitler took over the rest of Czechoslovokia • April 1939 – Hitler made threats to take Poland • Augst 1939 – Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler (more appeasement!) • September 1939 – Hitler invaded Poland. • Poland, England, & France declared war on Germany

  7. Failure of Munich/Appeasement IV

  8. Justifications for American Neutrality “. . . a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into the one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification…” (George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796)

  9. Justifications for American Neutrality II “ . . . Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships and enmities. (George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796)

  10. Or ought we take steps toward war? “Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies.” (George Washington’s Farewell Address, 1796) “This Nation will remain a neutral nation, but I cannot ask that every American remain neutral in thought as well.” (FDR, 1939)

  11. America Takes Steps Towards War • September 1939 – USA revises Neutrality Acts allowing Allies to purchase arms on cash & carry Basis • March 1940 – Soviet Union takes over Baltic countries (Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania and then, in late November, Finland) • Hitler invades Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, & Norway • May 16, 1940 – United States Congress authorizes $1 billion for defense • June 1940 – Hitler enters France and is supported by Italy • June 22, 1940 Hitler enters Paris and sets up a Vichy government • Summer/Fall 1940 – Internationalist-minded “Committee to Defend America” opposes Isolationist-minded “America First Committee” • November 1940 – FDR runs for unprecedented 3rd term and defeats Republican candidate, businessman Wendell Wilkie

  12. Isolationists vs. Internationalists

  13. America Takes Steps Towards War II • December 1940 – America begins Lend-Lease Policy to Help England. • July 1941 – American ships begin patrolling North Atlantic to protect convoys • August 1941 – Atlantic Charter was signed- British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill and FDR met secretly to agree on support of war effort- Agreed on Four Freedoms (speech, religion, want, and fear) • Fall 1941 – Germany broke non-Aggression pact and invaded Russia with launch of Operation Barbarossa. Stalin was truly shocked!

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