The Civil War

1. The Civil War

2. Division of North and South

3. Differences Keep Emerging • North becomes very industrialized • Many immigrants go to the North for work • Many, once they obtain their citizenship, become voters • MOST disagree with slavery • Fear of expansion for slavery for two reasons: • Job competition with wages • Morality of the issue

4. Compromise of 1850 • Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory • Southern states threaten secession(withdrawal from Union) • California admitted as a free state • The sale of slaves would be banned in D.C. • Fugitive Slave Act required people in the free states to help capture and return escaped slaves

5. Northern Response • Northern response to Fugitive Slave Act: • Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned • Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada

6. Underground Railroad • Southern slaves would try to escape to freedom in the North • Underground Railroad: network of free African Americans and white abolitionists that developed a secret network of people who would help slaves escape to freedom • Conductors: People who hid runaway slaves in hiding spots and directed or escorted them to the next “station” • Harriet Tubman: Born into slavery, escaped to freedom after her owner died. Became one of the most famous “conductors” of the underground railroad. Made 19 trips back and forth from North to the South to help over 300 slaves escape

7. Underground Railroad

8. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Harriet Beecher Stowe: Abolitionist who wrote the book Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Showed the true cruelty of slavery • Many Northern abolitionists increased their protests

9. Tensions Grow • Popular Sovereignty: The right’s of the residents of a territory to vote and tell their legislature if they would like to be admitted as a free or slave state • Kansas-Nebraska Act: Douglas introduced a bill to divide two territories • Nebraska in the North • Kansas in the South

10. Kansas-Nebraska Act

11. Bleeding Kansas • Settlers poured into the Kansas Territory from both the North and the South • Violence erupted between proslavery and antislavery settlers • Over 200 people were killed after riots broke out • People began calling the territory Bleeding Kansas • Had become a violent area

12. Bleeding Kansas

13. Bleeding Senate • Charles Sumner: Senator from the North verbally attacked his colleagues for supporting slavery • (in reaction to the violence in Kansas) • Sumner was particularly verbally abusive towards a senator from South Carolina • Made fun of him for speech impediment • The uncle of the South Carolina Congressman was Preston S. Brooks • Brooks walked over to Sumner’s desk and hit him over the head with a cane! • Cane broke! Sumner suffered shock and brain damage. Could not return to the senate for 3 years!

14. Fighting in the Senate

15. New Parties Form • Nativism: favoring of native-born Americans over immigrants • Emerged into the “Know-Nothing Party” • Leaned towards new Republican Party • Free-Soil party: Opposed the expansion of slavery • Republican Party: Democrats and Free-Soilers formed a new party • Opposed the expansion of slavery • Horace Greeley: One of its main founders

16. Slavery and Secession • Dred Scott v. Sandford • Dred Scott – slave taken to free territory by owner and claims freedom • Supreme Court ruling: • Said that Scott had no legal rights; he wasn’t a citizen • Stated slaves were not citizens, but property • Took power away from Congress to pass laws against the expansion of slavery

17. The Dred Scott Case • Reaction to Dred Scott decision • Southerners praised the decision • Northerners were upset and shocked because the Supreme Court had given the OK to expand slavery

18. Lincoln/Douglass Debates Race in 1858 for the senate seat in Illinois • Democrat: Douglass • Republican: Lincoln • Lincoln challenged Douglass to 7 open-air debates • The two had very different styles of speaking

19. Lincoln-Douglas Debates Key differences: • Popular sovereignty (Douglas) vs. stopping the expansion of slavery (Lincoln) • Led to the Freeport Doctrine (an idea spoken at a debate by Douglass) • Idea that any territory could exclude slavery by refusing to pass laws supporting it. He believed slavery would eventually go away on its own • Lincoln believed that in order for slavery to be stopped, laws needed to be passed.

20. Harpers Ferry • John Brown attempted (with 21 men) to seize the federal arsenal there and distribute the captured arms to slaves in the area, and start a general slave uprising • Failed and he is hanged • Brown’s death causes mixed emotions in the North and South

21. Election of 1860 • Abraham Lincoln elected president • Effects • Every Southern state voted against Lincoln • Convinced them that they had lost their voice in the national government • South Carolina secedes from the Union on December 20, 1860

22. Confederacy • Secession • Formal withdrawal of a state from the Union • Confederate States of America formed after secession in 1861 • Jefferson Davis • Former Senator elected as president of the C. S. A.

23. The Civil War Begins • Most military schools and forts are in the South • Fort Sumter is located in South Carolina (a state that had left the Union) • Lincoln gets word that Southerners are trying to take the fort

24. Fort Sumter: The First Shots • First shots of the Civil War, fired at Fort Sumter • Lincoln’s Plan: Send food to the men inside the fort • If Lincoln fired on the Southerners, he would be responsible for the start of the war • If he ordered the fort to be evacuated, he would be treating the Confederacy as a legitimate nation • Davis: On April 12, 1861 Jefferson Davis ordered an attack on Fort Sumter • Turned a peaceful session into war • Union soldiers eventually surrender the fort • The Civil War had begun

25. A Nation Divided • After the fall of Fort Sumter: • Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee and North Carolina seceded and joined the C.S.A • Parts of Virginia out west were anti-slavery: formed West Virginia and entered the Union • Four slave states remained in the Union: Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky and Missouri Both sides believe it will be a short war

26. Advantages and Disadvantages

27. War Strategies • Southern Strategy • Survival as a nation • Play defense • Only invade the North if the opportunity arose • Merrimack: The South’s ironclad warship • Northern Strategy • Union navy blockade of Southern ports • Take control of the Mississippi River • Capture the Confederate Capital: Richmond, VA • Known as the Anaconda Plan • Monitor: The North’s ironclad

28. The Ironclads  The North’s Monitor The South’s Merrimack 

29. The First Battle of Bull Run • First major battle of the Civil war • People believed it would be short • Civilians brought pick nick baskets to watch the battle • Union General: McDowell • Gets orders to attack • Southern General: Jackson • Nicknamed Stonewall Jackson • Stood his ground • Battle was a Southern Victory

30. The Battle of Shiloh • General Grant gathered troops near a Tennessee church named Shiloh • Confederate soldiers surprise attack • Grant counterattacked • Battle considered a tie • Why is it important? • Over 100,000 soldiers were killed, wounded or captured • Demonstrated the war could be very deadly

31. Technological Advances • Ironclad warships: made of iron instead of wood • Rifles: Became more accurate than muskets • Minie ball: soft lead bullet that was more destructive than earlier bullets

32. Antietam • General McClellan was very cautious • Could have captured Richmond but kept waiting • Slowly, he moved troops towards the Confederate capital • By that time, the new Confederate General: Robert E Lee moved in on McClellan • Known as the 7 days battle • Pushed McClellan back • Now Lee moved towards the Union capital • McClellan ordered his men forward after Lee and the two sides met at a creek called Antietam • Antietam: Bloodiest single-day battle in American history! • Confederate army was badly wounded and retreating • McClellan did not follow • Many say he could have ended the Civil War right there • Lincoln fired McClellan

33. Antietam

34. Emancipation • On January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation • Freeing the slaves behind Confederate lines • Important because: the South knew if they lost its slave-holding society would perish • Union knew that it could win only by completely defeating the Confederacy • From 1863 on, it became a fight to the death • Conscription: draft that forced certain members of the population to serve in the army • Usually exempted the rich and affected the poor • Draft riots broke out • Mortality rate for black soldiers higher than white because of their assignments

35. War and Regional Economics • The Confederacy faced food shortages • Families were rioting in the South • Blockade of Southern ports was working • The North’s economy grew! • Factories supplied the army with necessities • Women obtained government jobs for the first time • North authorized the nation’s first Income Tax to pay for the war • Taxed a percentage of a person’s income

36. Conditions for Soldiers • Many died on both sides from unsanitary conditions • Union set up US Sanitary Commission: • Improve hygienic conditions • Train nurses • Conditions were horrible in the war prisons • Andersonville: Worse Confederate prison in Georgia • Prisoners had no shelter • Drank water from the sewer • Over 1/3 of the prison’s population died

37. Gettysburg • 3 day battle: Considered the turning point of the Civil War • Crippled the South • Was a surprise meeting between northern and southern troops • After the third day of fighting in Gettysburg, Lee retreated back to VA after losing more than 28,000 men • Confederacy would never recover from their loss there or the surrender of Vicksburg which occurred the very next day

38. The North Begins to Win • Gettysburg: 3 day battle considered the turning point in the Civil War. Crippled the South beyond the point of repair • Gettysburg Address: Speech given by Lincoln to commemorate those that died at the Battle of Gettysburg (p361) • Purpose of the speech: Unify the country! • Vicksburg: Victory for the Union, succeeded in northern control of the Mississippi River and cutting the confederacy in two.

39. General Ulysses S. Grant: Appointed to the head of all Union forces, because of his military success • William T. Sherman: Appointed by Grant to go into the South and destroy them. • Sherman’s March: March from Atlanta to the east cast in which he engaged in total warfare • Burning down everything in his path

40. The End of the Confederacy • Lincoln gets reelected in 1864 to the Presidency • Andrew Johnson: Lincoln’s Vice President from Tennessee • April 2, 1865: Davis gets word the Confederacy is near its end, burns Richmond as they leave to keep the Northerners from taking it from them • Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Court House for an official surrender of the South (Lee) to the North (Grant)

41. The Legacy of War • During the war, the federal government • Taxed private incomes • Enacted a draft • Important because: U.S. citizens could no longer assume the national government in Washington was too far away to bother them • The war devastated the South economically • Took away cheap labor source (slavery) • Before the war, South held 30% of nations wealth • After the war, had 12% of the nation’s wealth

42. Legacy of War • Approximately 360,000 Union soldiers and 260 Confederate soldiers died • 275,000 Union and 225,000 Confederate soldiers were wounded • Veterans with missing limbs became a common site nation wide. • Union and Confederate sides spent a combined total of $3.3 BILLION during the four years of war

43. New Birth of Freedom • Change for African Americans • Thirteenth Amendment: outlawed slavery in the U.S. • Clara Barton started the Red Cross in 1881

44. The Assassination of Lincoln • Five days after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Lincoln was shot • He and his wife went to Ford’s Theatre in Washington to see a play • A Confederate sympathizer named John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in the head • Booth escaped by jumping over the balcony where the president lay dying and broke his leg on the way down • Lincoln died the next morning at 7:22am on April 15 1865 • 12 days later Booth was captured and killed • First time a president of the United States was Assassinated

45. Legacy of War • Almost 1/3 of the Union population turned out to mourn Lincoln • The assassination did not reunify the Confederacy as Booth had hoped • Country now faced two problems: • How to restore Southern states to the Union • How to integrate 4 million newly feed African Americans into national life.