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The Family and Human Sexuality

The Family and Human Sexuality. Chapter 13. Social Institutions. Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior that are centered on basic social needs. Cultural universal. Functionalist View. 5 major tasks Replacing personnel Teaching new recruits

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The Family and Human Sexuality

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  1. The Family and Human Sexuality Chapter 13

  2. Social Institutions • Organized patterns of beliefs and behavior that are centered on basic social needs. • Cultural universal

  3. Functionalist View • 5 major tasks • Replacing personnel • Teaching new recruits • Producing and distributing goods and services • Preserving order • Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose

  4. Family • A set of people who are related by blood, marriage (or some other agreed-upon relationship), or adoption who share the primary responsibility for reproduction and caring for members of society.

  5. Family Variations • Nuclear – a married couple and their unmarried children • Extended – a family unit that includes parents and children, as well as other kin • Accordion – composition changes based on changing circumstances

  6. Marriage • A legally sanctioned relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, as well as sexual activity, and childbearing.

  7. Who to Marry? • Endogamy – marriage between people of the same social category • Exogamy – refers to marriage between people of different social categories

  8. How Many to Marry? • Monogamy- marriage uniting two partners • Polygamy – marriage that unites three or more people • Polygyny- a man with multiple wives • Polyandry – a woman with multiple husbands • Serial monogamy – having several monogamous marriages over a lifetime

  9. Courtship and Mate Selection • Aspects of Mate Selection • Incest taboo: • Homogamy: Conscious or unconscious tendency to select mate with personal characteristics similar to one’s own

  10. Kinship • The state of being related to others

  11. Descent • Refers to the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

  12. Descent Patrilineal – kinship traced through father’s side of the family

  13. Descent • Matrilineal – kinship traced through mother’s side of the family

  14. Descent • Bilateral – kinship traced through both the father’s side and mother’s side

  15. Residential Patterns • Patrilocality – living with or near the husband’s family • Matrilocality – living with or near the wife’s family • Neolocality – living separate from both families

  16. Authority • Patriarchy • Male decision making • Matriarchy • Female decision making • Egalitarian • Spouses are equal

  17. Structural-Functional Analysis • Family performs many vital tasks • Ogburn (1934) • Reproduction • Protection • Socialization • Regulation of sexual behavior • Affection and companionship • Provision of social status

  18. Conflict Analysis • Family perpetuates inequality • Property and inheritance • Patriarchy • Race and ethnicity

  19. Interactionist Analysis • How individuals share and experience family life • Building emotional bonds • Building a way to view the world and interact

  20. Divorce • Causes of divorce • Individualism • Romantic love subsides • Women less dependent on men • Divorce is socially acceptable • Legally easier to get

  21. Figure 39-1: U.S. Households by Family Type, 1940 – 2010 Source: Bureau of the Census 2010b:Table HH1.

  22. Alternate Family Forms • One-parent families • Cohabitation • Gay and lesbian couples • Singlehood

  23. Transition to Parenthood • Little anticipatory socialization • Only limited learning during pregnancy • Transition quite abrupt • Society lacks clear and helpful guidelines for successful parenthood

  24. Child-Rearing Patterns • Adoption • “Transfer of the legal rights, responsibilities, and privileges of parenthood” to a new legal parent or parents • Functionalist: government has a strong interest in encouraging adoption • At any given time, around half a million children in the United States are living in foster care

  25. Child-Rearing Patterns • Dual-Income Families • Rise due to economic need, coupled with a desire to pursue careers

  26. Child-Rearing Patterns • Single-parent families: Only one parent is present to care for children • Households headed by single fathers more than quadrupled from 1987 to 2011

  27. Child-Rearing Patterns • Stepfamilies • Approximately 45% of all people in U.S. will marry, divorce, and remarry

  28. Human Sexuality • Sexuality not limited to physical behaviors • Includes beliefs, values, and social norms that collectively govern its expression • Way human sexuality sanctioned differs widely geographically and historically • Sexual attitudes and practices change over time

  29. Human Sexuality • Labeling and Human Sexuality • Definition of deviant sexual behavior varied significantly over time and from one culture to another • Social stigma of homosexuality • Transgendered persons: people whose current gender identity does not match their physical identity at birth • Transvestites: cross-dressers who wear clothing of opposite sex

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