UNIT 4 EUROPE IN TRANSITION

1. UNIT 4 EUROPE IN TRANSITION CHAPTER 13 – THE MIDDLE AGES CHAPTER 14 – THE FORMATION OF WESTERN EUROPE

2. The Formation of Western Europe,800–1500 CHAPTER 14 Church Reform and the Crusades SECTION 1 SECTION 2 Changes in Medieval Society England and France Develop SECTION 3 The Hundred Years’ War and the Plague SECTION 4

3. The Formation of Western Europe,800–1500 Europeans embark on the Crusades, develop new commercial and political systems, and suffer through bubonic plague and the Hundred Years' War. Coronation of Philip II, Capetian king (1179–1223), in Reims Cathedral.

4. CORE OBJECTIVE: Describe the political structures and systems that changed Europe during the Middle Ages and the Formation of Western Europe • Objective 6.1: Describe the impact of Charlemagne’s Empire • Objective 6.2: Summarize the impact of feudalism and the code of chivalry • Objective 6.3: Describe the Christian Church’s structure and influence on Europe • Objective 6.4:Identify the causes and effects of the Crusades • Objective 6.5: Trace the developments that led to the decline of feudalism • Objective 6.6: Describe the impact of the Hundred Years’ War and the Plague • THEME: OBJECTIVES

5. CHAPTER 14 SECTION 1 Church reform and the crusades The Catholic Church undergoes reform and launches Crusades against Muslims.

6. Spiritual Revival • Starting in 900s, monasteries help bring about a spiritual revival called the Age of Faith (from 900 to 1500) • Reformers help restore and expand Church power • Problems in the Church • (1) Some Church officials marry even though the Church objects • (2) Some officials practice simony—selling religious offices • (3) Kings use lay investiture to appoint bishops • Reformers believe only the Church should appoint bishops THE AGE OF FAITH

7. Reform and Church Organization • Starting in 1100s, popes reorganize Church like a kingdom • The Pope’s group of advisors were called the papal Curia • make Church laws (canon law) on divorce, inheritance, marriage • Acted as religious court • diplomats traveled throughout Europe to check on bishops • Church collects tithes; uses money to care for sick & poor • New Religious Orders • Dominican (Spain) and Franciscan (Italy) orders form • Friars in these orders vow poverty, chastity, obedience • travel and preach to the poor, did not live in monasteries • Some new orders for women are founded Church organization

8. Early Cathedrals • Between 800–1100, churches are built in Romanesque style • Style includes thick walls and pillars, small windows, round arches; little light inside • Located in larger cities, represented cities of God • A New Style of Church Architecture • Gothic style evolves around 1100; term from Germanic tribe, Goths • Gothic style has large, tall windows for more light; pointed arches • Churches have stained glass windows, many sculptures • About 500 Gothic churches are built from 1170 to 1270 cathedrals

9. ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Td6co6ngQRY

12. The Beginning of the Crusades • In 1093, Byzantine emperor asks for help fighting the Turks • Pope Urban II issues a call for a Crusade—a “holy war” • Goals of the Crusades • Pope wants to reclaim Jerusalem and reunite Christianity • Kings use the Crusades to send away knights who cause trouble • Younger sons hope to earn land or win glory by fighting • Later, merchants join Crusades to try to gain wealth through trade • Pope promises Crusaders who die a place in heaven The crusades

13. The crusades

14. First Crusade: three armies gather at Constantinople in 1097 • Crusaders capture Jerusalem in 1099 • Captured lands along coast divided into four Crusader states • Muslims take back Edessa in 1144; Second Crusade fails to retake it • In 1187 Saladin—Muslim leader and Kurdish warrior — retakes Jerusalem 1st & 2nd crusades

15. CRUSADERS

16. Third Crusade led by three powerful rulers • One is Richard the Lion-Hearted — king of England • Phillip II of France abandons Crusade after arguing with Richard • Frederick I of Germany drowns during the journey • In 1192 Richard and Saladin make peace after many battles • Saladin keeps Jerusalem but allows Christian pilgrims to enter city The third crusade

17. The Crusades

18. Later Crusades • Fourth Crusade: Crusaders loot Constantinople in 1204 • Two other Crusades strike Egypt, but fail to weaken Muslims • The Children’s Crusade • In 1212 thousands of children die or are enslaved in failed crusade • French group led by 12-year old of 30,000 sails for Jerusalem • German group of 20,000 returns home from Rome with 2,000 • A Spanish Crusade • Most of Spain controlled by Moors, a Muslim people • Christians fight Reconquista — drive Muslims from Spain, 1100 to 1492 • Spain has Inquisition — court to suppress heresy; expels non-Christians The crusade spirit dwindles

19. Spain vs the moors

20. Inquisition punishment

21. Crusades show power of Church in convincing thousands to fight • Women who stay home manage the estate and business affairs • Merchants expand trade, bring back many goods from Southwest Asia • Failure of later crusades weakens pope and nobles, strengthens kings • Crusades create lasting bitterness between Muslims and Christians The effects of the crusades

22. History Channel Pint Size History • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=--A7WDtrx7A • Eddie Izard • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZrdPV4lG9a8 THE CRUSADES IN VIDEO