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Box and Whisker Plots. A Modern View of the Data. History Lesson. In 1977, John Tukey published an efficient method for displaying a five-number data summary. The graph is called a box plot (also known as a box and whisker plot) and summarizes the following statistical measures: median
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Box and Whisker Plots A Modern View of the Data
History Lesson • In 1977, John Tukey published an efficient method for displaying a five-number data summary. The graph is called a box plot (also known as a box and whisker plot) and summarizes the following statistical measures: • median • upper and lower quartiles • minimum and maximum data values
An example… Note: the plot may be drawn either vertically or horizontally.
Interpreting a Box and Whisker Plot • The box itself contains the middle 50% of the data. The upper edge (hinge) of the box indicates the 75th percentile of the data set, and the lower hinge indicates the 25th percentile. The range of the middle two quartiles is known as the inter-quartile range.
Interpreting a Box and Whisker Plot (continued) • The line in the box indicates the median value of the data. • If the median line within the box is not equidistant from the hinges, then the data is skewed.
Interpreting a Box and Whisker Plot (continued) • The ends of the vertical lines or “whiskers” indicate the minimum and maximum values, unless outliers are present in which case the whiskers extend to a maximum of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. • The points outside the ends of the “whiskers” are outliers or suspected outliers.
Advantages of Box and Whisker Plots • They provide a graphic display of a variable’s location and spread (or dispersion) at a glance. • They provide some indication of the data’s symmetry and skewness. • Unlike many other methods of data display, they show outliers. • They can easily be used to compare data sets.
Disadvantages of Box and Whisker Plots • They tend to emphasize the tails of a distribution, which are the least certain points in the data set. • They hide many details of the distribution.
Constructing a box-and-whisker plot: • The data: Math test scores 80, 75, 90, 95, 65, 65, 80, 85, 70, 100 • Write the data in numerical order and find the first quartile, the median, the third quartile, the smallest value and the largest value.
Constructing a box-and-whisker plot: • median = 80first quartile = 70third quartile = 90smallest value = 65largest value = 100
Constructing a box-and-whisker plot: • Place a circle beneath each of these values on a number line.
Constructing a box-and-whisker plot: • Draw a box with ends through the points for the first and third quartiles. Then draw a vertical line through the box at the median point. Now, draw the whiskers (or lines) from each end of the box to the smallest and largest values.
Constructing a box-and-whisker plot: Special Case: You may see a box-and-whisker plot, like the one below, which contains an asterisk. Sometimes there is ONE piece of data that falls well outside the range of the other values. This single piece of data is called an outlier. If the outlier is included in the whisker, readers may think that there are grades dispersed throughout the whole range from the first quartile to the outlier.
