1 / 66

Grammatical functions and Pragmatic considerations in clause combining

Grammatical functions and Pragmatic considerations in clause combining. Mark Donohue Australian National University mark.donohue@anu.edu.au. International Workshop on Clause Combining in and around Indonesia TUFS, 7-8 October 2012. Overview. Introduction Skou :

opa
Download Presentation

Grammatical functions and Pragmatic considerations in clause combining

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Grammatical functions and Pragmatic considerationsin clause combining Mark DonohueAustralian National Universitymark.donohue@anu.edu.au International Workshop on Clause Combining in and around Indonesia TUFS, 7-8 October 2012

  2. Overview • Introduction • Skou: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process; • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process • Skou, TukangBesi • TukangBesi: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process; • Strategies for success?

  3. Premise • Combinations of clauses frequently permit (or require) one clause to be dependent on the other for some reference • She entered the hall and she sat down. • The lady entered the hall and she sat down. • The lady who she entered the hallsat down. i j,i i,j i i i?

  4. Syntactically-governed • Constraints on reference: • I watched Beth and then ___ drank my tea. • While ___ drinking tea, I watched Beth. x x Subject = Subject

  5. Syntactically-governed • Constraints on reference: • Beth was watched and then ___ drank my tea. • While ___ drinking tea, Beth was watched. Subject = Subject Not semantics

  6. Syntactically-governed • Constraints on reference: • I tickled the boy and then ___ laughed. • I dropped the vase and then ___ broke. x x Subject = Subject Not pragmatics

  7. Syntactically-governed • Constraints on reference? • The busi hit the womanj[ while ___j crossing the road ]. • (Compare: While __i crossing the road, the busi hit the womanj.) Subject ≠ Subject Pragmatics?

  8. Indonesian relative clauses • Anjing itu meng-gigit kucing.dog that ACT-bite cat‘The dog bit the cat.’ • anjing [ yang __ meng-gigit kucing ] itu.dog REL ACT-bite cat that‘The dog that bit the cat.’ • kucing [ yang __ di-gigit anjing ] itu.dog REL NONACT-bite dog that‘The cat that was bitten by the dog.’

  9. Indonesian relative clauses, 2 • anjing itu meng-gigit kucingdog that ACT-bite cat‘the dog bit the cat’ • anjing [ yang __ meng-gigit kucing ] itudog REL ACT-bite cat that‘the dog that bit the cat’ • kucing [ yang anjing meng-gigit __ ]dog REL dog ACT-bite‘the cat that the dog bit’

  10. Overview • Introduction • Skou: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process; • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process • Skou, TukangBesi • TukangBesi: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process; • Strategies for success?

  11. Skou

  12. Skou • Basics: • Pe=ueme=ing_a pe=ti pá.3SG.F=woman=the 3SG.F=go house‘The woman went to the house.’ • Pe=ueme=ing_a hóe pe=p-ang.3SG.F=woman=the sago 3SG.F=3SG.F-eat‘The woman ate sago.’

  13. Skou • Simple clauses: • Monovalent: S s=s-V (OBLIQUE) • Bivalent: A (ERG) P a=a-V(:p) (ADJUNCT) • Trivalent A (ERG) P a=a-V:r RECIPIENT

  14. Skou • Simple example: • Tangíke=moetoe,Tangí3SG.NF=return3.cometáng=ingte=bíngfátà.bird=DEIC 3PL=die.PLall‘Tangí came back home, and all of the birds were dead, …’

  15. Skou • Simple example: • Hendrikke=moetoe=paHendrik3SG.NF=return3.come=PROXte=angku-ké=ke ke=fu.3PL-child=3SG.NF-3SG.NFDEIC 3SG.NF=see‘Hendrik came back home and saw his children.’

  16. Skou • Simple example: • Hendrikke=moetoe=teHendrik3SG.NF=return3.come=3SG.F.gote=angku-ké=ke ke=fu.3PL-child=3SG.NF-3SG.NFDEIC 3SG.NF=see‘Hendrik came back home and straight away saw his children.’

  17. Skou • Simple example: • Hendrikke=moetoe=koHendrik3SG.NF=return3.come=OBVnì te=angku-ké=ke nì=fu.1SG 3PL-child=3SG.NF-3SG.NFDEIC 1SG=see‘Hendrik came back home and I saw his children.’

  18. Skou • Additional example: • Pe Hendrikpe=w-á=ko3SG.F Hendrik3SG.NF=3SG.NF-hit=OBVke=wang.3SG.NF=die‘She killed Hendrik.’

  19. Overview • Introduction • Skou: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process; • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process • Skou, TukangBesi • TukangBesi: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process; • Strategies for success?

  20. Skou =pa=and =ko=and =te=and • Coordinate clauses: • Pe=ueme=ing_a pe=ti pá 3SG.F=woman=the 3SG.F=go househóe pe=p-ang.sago 3SG.F=3SG.F-eat‘The woman went to the house and ate sago.’ later straight away

  21. Skou • 1. Syntactic rules=pa subject1 = subject2=ko subject1 ≠ subject2=te subject1 = subject2 immediately

  22. Skou • 1. Pragmatic rules=pa event1overlaps withevent2=ko event1does not overlap with event2=te subject1 = subject2 uninterrupted

  23. And so … • Skou: • Monitors coreference across clauses (switch reference) • Allows non-syntactic interpretations for the same reference-monitoring morphemes. (not entirely free, but free from syntax) • Interpretation: • Ambiguity is not a bad thing; • Stylistic manipulation is rife.

  24. Aside:strong ellipsis

  25. Ta qu shangdian,3SG go shop__ mai-le pingguo,buy-PERF apple__ hui jia,return home__ chi-le __.eat-PERF‘She went to the shops, bought (some) apples, returned home and ate them.’

  26. Palu’e • Kami phote nio,1PL.EX pick coconutthuka, khla, kha psa,ascend split eat chew.fleshnala vae-ne ninu,take water-3GEN drinkpsa i-ne, …chew.flesh flesh-3GEN‘We picked some coconuts, climbed (up for them),split them, ate and chewed, took some water to drink, chewed the (coconut) flesh.’

  27. Palu’e • Kami phote nio,1PL.EX pick coconutthuka, __ khla __, __ kha __ __ psa __,ascend split eat chew.flesh__ nala vae-ne __ ninu __,take water-3GEN drink__ psa i-ne, …chew.flesh flesh-3GEN‘We picked some coconuts, climbed (up for them),split them, ate and chewed, took some water to drink, chewed the (coconut) flesh.’

  28. Overview • Introduction • Skou: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process; • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process • Skou, TukangBesi • TukangBesi: • Clause combining as a syntactically-governed process • Clause combining as a pragmatically free process; • Strategies for success?

  29. Tukang Besi

  30. Basic Tukang Besi • No-mai na ana i wunua.3R-comeNOMchild NOM house‘The child came to the house.’ • No-moro’u te wae na ana.3R-drink COREwater NOM child‘The child drank some water.’ • No-moro’u-ke te ana na uwe.3R-drink-3 CORE child NOM water‘The child drank the water.’

  31. Basic Tukang Besi • Monovalent: s-V na S • Bivalent: a-V te P na A a-V-p te A na P

  32. Basic Tukang Besi • Monovalent: s-V naS • Bivalent: a-V te P naA a-V-p te A naP

  33. Basic Tukang Besi • Saba’ane no-mai na ana i wunua.all 3R-comeNOMchild NOM house‘All the children came to the house.’ • Saba’ane no-moro’u te wae na ana.all 3R-drink COREwater NOM child‘All the children drank some water.’ • Saba’ane no-moro’u-ke te ana na uwe.all 3R-drink-3 CORE child NOM water‘The child drank all thewater.’ na = Subject

  34. Tukang Besi • No-mai na ana maka no-kede.3R-come NOM child and.then 3R-sit‘The child came and then sat down.’ • Sa-mai-no na ana no-kede.when-come-3GENNOM child 3R-sit‘When the child came, s/he sat down.’

  35. Tukang Besi • Sa-mai-no na anawhen-come-3GENNOM childno-kede na ia.3R-sit NOM 3SG‘When the child came, s/he sat down.’ • Sa-mai-no na anawhen-come-3GENNOM childno-kede na mo’ane.3R-sit NOM man‘When the child came, the man sat down.’ *!

  36. Tukang Besi • ‘when’ clauses: • sa-V-GEN (NOM NPS) s-V (NOM NPS)

  37. Tukang Besi • Sa-mai-no (na ana)when-come-3GENNOM childno-kede (na ia).3R-sit NOM 3SG‘When (she/the child) came, s/he sat down.’ • Sa-mai-suwhen-come-1SG.GENno-kede na mo’ane.3R-sit NOM man‘When I came, the man sat down.’

  38. Tukang Besi • ‘when’ clauses: • sa-V-GEN (NOM NPS) s-V (NOM NPS)

  39. Tukang Besi • Sa-mai-no (na ana),when-come-3GENNOM childno-kede (na ia).3R-sit NOM 3SG‘When (she/the child) came, s/he sat down.’ • Sa-mai-no (na mo’ane),when-come-3GEN NOM manku-kede.1SG-sit‘When I came, the man sat down.’ ~?~

  40. Tukang Besi • ‘when’ clauses: • sa-V-GEN (NOM NPS)a s-V (NOM NPS)b • iff Animacya > Animacyb

  41. Tukang Besi • No-manga-mo te kaujawa na ana,3R-eat-PF CORE cassava NOM childmakaand.thenku-’ita-’e ________.1SG-see-3‘The boy ate the cassava, and then I saw him.’

  42. Tukang Besi • No-mai-mo na anabou,3R-come-PF NOM boymakaand.thenku-’ita-’e ________.1SG-see-3‘The boy came, and I saw him.’

  43. Tukang Besi • No-mai-mo na anabou,3R-come-PF NOM boymakaand.thenno-’ita-’e te mo’ane ______.1SG-see-3 CORE man‘The boy came, the man saw him.’

  44. Tukang Besi • No-manga-’e-mo te ana na kaujawa,3R-eat-3-PF CORE child NOM cassavamakaand.thenku-’ita-’e .1SG-see-3‘The boy ate the cassava, and then I saw him.’ ?* ‘The boy ate the cassava, and then I saw it.’

  45. Tukang Besi: real narrative • Jari te manusi(a) u kampo isoso CORE people GEN village yono-sumbere-wila-mosaba'ane3R-suddenly-go-PF allako na-t[um]u'o te kau iso.PURP 3I-chop<SI> CORE tree yon‘So the people of that village all went off immediately and were going to chop that tree down.’

  46. Tukang Besi: real narrative • Sa-rato-n(o n)a wakutuu-nowhen-arrive=3GEN NOM time=3GENane-mo ke mia[m]ala te baliube-PF with person fetch<SI> CORE axemaka a-t[um]u'o-ke.and.then 3R-chop<SI>-3‘There came the moment that there was someone with an axe, and he was going to chop (with) it.’

More Related