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Species interactions: Interaction Competition (multidimentional niche)

Species interactions: Interaction Competition (multidimentional niche) Predation (+ -) Symbiotic relationship Parasitism (+ -) Commensalism (+ 0) Mutualism (+ +). Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level ★ Structural end points, e.g.

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Species interactions: Interaction Competition (multidimentional niche)

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  1. Species interactions: Interaction Competition (multidimentional niche) Predation (+ -) Symbiotic relationship Parasitism (+ -) Commensalism (+ 0) Mutualism (+ +)

  2. Measuring changes at community and ecosystem level ★ Structural end points, e.g. Species richness Species abundance Similarity Biomass

  3. ★ Structural changes - Species diversity measurements, ex. Species richness index Shannon-Wiener (0 - ≧ 3) as stressed to unstressed - Species abundance measurements, ex. species abundance plots k-dominance curve Abundance-Biomass comparison (ABC curve)

  4. Species richness index (SR) SR = (S – 1) / lnN S: 出現總數 N: 所有種總個體數 Shannon-Wiener (0 - ≧ 3) H’ = -Σ(ni/N) ln(ni/N) (i= 1 – N) ni: i種個體數 N: 所有種總個體數

  5. 南灣 海域珊瑚礁魚類相觀測地點 ******************************* N 後壁湖 漁港 未受溫排水影響區 Station 1 Station 2 排放口 受溫排水影響區 Station 3 Station 4 龍鑾 潭核能三廠 Station 5 貓鼻頭 貓 鼻頭 鵝 鑾鼻

  6. 88年度四季台灣南部核能電廠附近海域各測站珊瑚礁魚類相組成百分比圖88年度四季台灣南部核能電廠附近海域各測站珊瑚礁魚類相組成百分比圖

  7. 82~88年度台灣南部核能電廠附近海域魚類相組成圖82~88年度台灣南部核能電廠附近海域魚類相組成圖

  8. 由Shannon's-Weaver diversity index檢測之 八十七~八十八年度魚類群聚結構變化 87年度 第一季(87/8) ： 1.59 第二季(87/11) ：1.72 第三季(88/2) ： 1.79 第四季(88/4) ： 1.72 88年度 第一季(88/8) ： 1.74 第二季(88/10) ：1.69 第三季(89/2) ：1.70 第四季(89/4) ：1.35

  9. 目的：了解第三核能發電廠運轉對附近 海域底棲動物之影響 底棲無脊椎動物族群變化與第三核能發電廠溫排水是否相關 各測站之附著板，共計著生有海綿、海葵、珊瑚、苔蘚蟲、多毛類 、軟體動物、藤壺及海鞘等八大類底棲無脊椎動物及卵塊

  10. 底棲無脊椎動物補充量之比較： • 核電廠出水口與入水口附近的海域進行定期的底棲動物監測 • 方法 • 三個月一次 在海底放置附著板,回收後計算生物的附苗密度. • 計算方法 • 以1x1cm2的方格,計算附著板(20x20cm2)上各種生物的覆蓋率(n/400).

  11. A . E C B 22 D I 23 F G H 24 底棲無脊椎動物調查之採樣點 A:Influ-2(左入水口) B:Influ-3(入水口北堤外) C:Influ-5 (右入水口) D:Influ-10(入水口南堤外) E: Influ-11(入水口卸貨碼頭堤防 ) F: Efflu (出水口) G: Efflu2 (出水口2) H: MPT (貓鼻頭 ) I : SNS(石牛溪) 22，23，24： 水文與水質化學組之測站

  12. 核三廠的3A事件民國90年(2001) 3.18 - 4.25 有興趣的部份 • 3A事件後,測站Efflu的生物量升高

  13. 第二季 4-6月份 polychaetes

  14. 第二季 4-6月份 bryozoans

  15. 2nd season Analysis by “Multi-dimensional scaling, MDS” (Primer 4.0; Carr, 1996)

  16. 3rd season

  17. 4th season

  18. 結果 • 3A事件發生在2001年第二季, 以附苗數量最多的多毛類與苔蘚蟲來看 • 影響所及不只到2001年第二季,第三季也有影響 • 2002年第一季則恢復成與過去的附苗率相似的狀況 • 影響所及只有Efflu這一個點, MPT與Efflu-2的影響較低不明顯

  19. Measuring change at community and ecosystem level ★ Functional end points Rate of biomass production (g C/area yr) Rate of primary productivity Rate of community respiration Rate of nutrient uptake/regeneration Rate of decomposition Rate of recovery after stress

  20. Functional end points suggested for assessment and monitoring of aquatic systems. ‧USEPA environmental monitoring and assessment program (Hunsaker & Carpenter, 1990) 1. Trophic status 2. Production/biomass ‧State of the environment report for Canada (Bird & Rapport, 1986) 1. Production/biomass 2. Nutrient load

  21. Keystone species 關鍵種 Stability and disturbance Succession Factors influence the community structure: Competition, predation, disturbance

  22. Fig. 3 Effect of grazer composition on algal species richness (ex­periments 1). Raw species number (S) and standardised species number (S1000) of benthic microalgae as a function of grazer mix­ture after 4 days of grazing (START before incubation in aquaria, CONTR 4 days incubation without grazers)

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