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History of Western Africa and Guinea

Have you ever wondered where people originated from? The first people where from Africa, which has the oldest history! The area occupied by Guinea today was included in several large West African political groupings, including the Ghana, Mali, and Songhay empires.

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History of Western Africa and Guinea

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  1. Have you ever wondered where people originated from? The first people where from Africa, which has the oldest history! The area occupied by Guinea today was included in several large West African political groupings, including the Ghana, Mali, and Songhay empires. Some of the first greatest civilizations where from Africa, like these three specific ones from Western Africa. • History of Western Africa and Guinea

  2. Ghana was an ancient African civilization that began in 300 and ended 1100. They were a rich civilization that got most of its money from its vast gold and salt which they traded. They were governed by a king that ruled them all. Ghana literally means "chief". The actual name of the civilization was called "Wagadugu." Mali became a civilization after the decline of the Ghana Empire. They literally took Ghana’s land and built upon it. While Ghana was in decline, Mali gained strength and built a city in Niani. Their first leader was named Sundiata. • History of Western Africa and Guinea Fortifications were significant in West Africa, the Walls of Benin is the largest man made structure in the world

  3. Songhay was the next famous civilization that arouse from this section of Western Africa, like Ghana and Mali. Sunni Ali Ber(in the picture above) turned the Mali city of Gao into the Songhay Empire. He ruled from 1462-1492. Songhay became a civilization in the 11th century but had control of Mali in 1325.(cizilazations) He took over the area with his swift military and strong ships. • History of Western Africa and Guinea Upon his death, Sunni Ali left rule of his kingdom to his son. Sunni Ali was Muslim, but his son was not. The people rebelled against their new non-muslim king, and instead installed their own king, a man named Askia Muhammad. In 1528 Muhammad was overthrown by his son. Following this event, the Kingdom of Songhai entered a period of war and decline. This war weakened the kingdom, so that by 1589 they were unable to defend themselves against invading armies from Morocco.

  4. History of Western Africa and Guinea The slave trade came to the coastal region of Guinea with European adventurers in the 16th century. Slavery had always been part of everyday life but the scale increased as slaves were exported to work elsewhere in the triangular trade. Some sources suggest that more than half of the population of Sub-Saharan Africa were removed.

  5. The Moroccans proved unable to rule the kingdom effectively, however, and it split into many small kingdoms. After the fall of the major West African empires, various kingdoms existed in what is now Guinea. Kingdom of Fouta Djallon Fulani Muslims migrated to Fouta Djallon in Central Guinea and established an Islamic state from 1735 to 1898 with a written Constitution and alternate rulers. • Kingdoms of Guinea Wassoulou Empire The Wassoulou or Wassulu empire was a short-lived (1878–1898) empire, led by Samori Ture in the predominately Malinké area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou). It later moved to Cote d’Ivoire before being conquered by the French.

  6. Guinea's colonial period began with French military penetration into the area in the mid-19th century. French domination was assured by the defeat in 1898 of the armies of Sékou Touré Mansa (or Emperor) of the Ouassoulou state and leader of Malinké descent, which gave France control of what today is Guinea and adjacent areas. France negotiated Guinea's present boundaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the British for Sierra Leone, the Portugese for their Guinea colony (now Guinea-Bissau), and Liberia. Under the French, the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa, administered by a governor general resident in Dakar. Lieutenant governors administered the individual colonies, including Guinea. • French domination

  7. Led by Ahmed Sékou Touré, head of the Democratic Party of Guinea (Parti Démocratique de Guinée, PDG), which won 56 of 60 seats in 1957 territorial elections, the people of Guinea in a September 1958 plebiscite overwhelmingly rejected membership in the proposed French Community. • 1958 Achieving Independence The French withdrew quickly, and on October 2, 1958, Guinea proclaimed itself a sovereign and independent republic, with Sékou Touré as President.

  8. A One-Party State: Under Touré, Guinea became a one-party dictatorship, with a closed, socialized economy and no tolerance for human rights, free expression, or political opposition, which was ruthlessly suppressed. Originally credited for his advocacy of cross-ethnic nationalism, Touré gradually came to rely on his own Malinke ethnic group to fill positions in the party and government. A Dictator's Paranoia: Alleging plots and conspiracies against him at home and abroad, Touré's regime targeted real and imagined opponents, imprisoning many thousands in Soviet-style prison gulags, where hundreds perished. The regime's repression drove more than a million Guineans into exile, and Touré's paranoia ruined relations with foreign nations, including neighboring African states, increasing Guinea's isolation and further devastating its economy. • 1958 - 1984

  9. Military Government: Sékou Touré and the PDG remained in power until his death on April 3, 1984. A military junta--the Military Committee of National Recovery (Comité Militaire de Redressement National, CMRN)--headed by then-Lt. Col. Lansana Conte, seized power just one week after the death of Sékou Touré. A reformation to Democracy?: The CMRN formed a transitional parliament, the Transitional Council for National Recovery (Comité Transitoire de Redressement National, CTRN), which created a new constitution (La Loi Fundamental) and Supreme Court in 1990. The country's first multi-party presidential election took place in 1993. These elections were marred by irregularities and lack of transparency on the part of the government. Legislative and municipal elections were held in 1995. Conte's ruling Party for Unity and Progress (PUP) won 76 of 114 seats in the National Assembly, amid Opposition claims of irregularities and government tampering. The new National Assembly held its first session in October 1995. In the early hours of 23 December 2008, Aboubacar Somparé, the President of the National Assembly, announced on television that Conté had died at 6:45pm local time on 22 December "after a long illness", without specifying the cause of death. • 1984 - 2008

  10. 2008 coup and following Six hours after Somparé announced Conté's death, a statement was read on television announcing a military coup d’état.This statement, read by Captain Moussa Dadis Camara on behalf of a group called National Council for Democracy, said that "the government and the institutions of the Republic have been dissolved". The statement also announced the suspension of the constitution "as well as political and union activity". In its place, the military said it had established a consultative council composed of civilian and military leaders. On 27 September 2009, the day before planned demonstrations in the capital city Conakry, the government declared demonstrations illegal. Thousands of protestors defied the ban, assembling in a soccer stadium. 157 were left dead after the level of violence used by security forces escalated Captain Moussa (Dadis) Camara told Radio France International on 28 September the shootings by members of his presidential guard were beyond his control. "On 3 December 2009 Captain Moussa Dadis Camara suffered a head wound in an attempted assassination in Conakry led by his aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Aboubacar Sidiki Diakité, who is known as Toumba. Captain Camara underwent surgery at a hospital in Morocco. Reports say Toumba's men opened fire on Captain Camara late Thursday at an army camp in the city of Conakry. • 2008 - 11/2010

  11. Under Ad Interim President General Sékouba Konate and the Transitional Government, in April 2010 the new Constitution and in May 2010 the installation of new Magistrature was realized with radical changes: Once elected, the president shall declare his assets. The draft constitution also contains provisions preventing the president and the family from purchasing or leasing property belonging to the State. The same rules apply to ministers, the chairperson of the National Assembly and all those who run republican institutions. The position of prime minister, head of government will also be entrenched. The Prime Minister will be appointed by the President of the Republic and will be in charge of leading, controlling and giving impetus to government-led action. The new constitution also provides for a Constitutional Court, an ombudsman in charge of sorting out litigation between the administration and citizens, a High Council of local communities in charge of monitoring the decentralization policy and quality of living of populations in the inland areas and protecting the environment and an independent national institution for human rights. • History of Guinea

  12. Historiographic breaktrough: First free democratic elections in Guinea!!! Campaigning for the second round of elections kicked off in Guinea on Sunday, with Cellou Dalein Diallo running against veteran opposition leader Alpha Condé. Diallo won over 40 per cent of the first-round ballot in June, which was marred by multiple accusations of fraud. The Presidential candidates: Cellou Dalein Diallo, 58, was prime minister several times under General Lansana Conté, who ruled for 24 years after coming to power in a military coup in 1984; he is a member of the Fulani ethnic group; his strongholds are middle-Guinea and the capital, Conakry. Alpha Condé, 72, is a third-time candidate who has opposed all three heads of state since independence, spending two and a half years in jail under Conté and sentenced to death in absentia by first president Ahmed Sekou Touré in 1970; he is a member of the Malinké ethnic group; his stronghold is Upper Guinea.

  13. Alpha Conde, 72, was sworn in as president on Tuesday Dec 21, after Guinea's Cellou Dalein Diallo conceded defeat in a runoff election last month. Vision & Promise President Condé's vision is all encompassing for the common good of his people of Guinea. His promise is that since its inception, the Rally of the People of Guinea (RPG) has and will fight for one thing: to unite all Guineans and work together for change toward democratic stability and real economic and social development.

  14. Guinea: Obama congratulates president Alpha Conde AS Guinea begins its new democratic era, the US President, Barack Obama has expressed his delight by extending a warm congratulatory message to President Alpha Conde, the new government and the people of Guinea as they witness the inauguration of their first democratically elected President, since becoming an Independent State in 1958. In his goodwill message to Guinea in commemoration of this auspicious occasion, President Obama recalled Guinea’s horrifying atrocities and the dangerous instability which rocked the entire Nation while appreciating the fact that people all over the world are coming together to felicitate with the Government and people of Guinea who voted to install peace and democracy. ‘As the country begins its new democratic era, I extend congratulations to President Alpha Conde on his inauguration. I also express my appreciation for the way in which Cellou Delein Diallo gracefully accepted the outcome of the election and spoke of the importance of a unified Guinea in moving forward. While the road ahead may be challenging, the United States looks forward to working with the incoming administration as it pursues an inclusive government that represents the people of Guinea irrespective of ethnicity, religion and gender; establishes a platform of economic development for all to realize the dividends of democracy; and work to enact critical reforms in the security sector’ President Obama said.

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