Opportunism

1. Opportunism https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

2. Opportunism • 'Opportunism' is the conscious policy and practice of taking selfish advantage of circumstances – with little regard for principles, or with what the consequences are for others. Opportunist actions are expedient actions guided primarily by self-interested motives. The term can be applied to individual humans and living organisms, groups, organizations, styles, behaviours, and trends. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

3. Opportunism • Opportunism or opportunistic behavior is an important concept in such fields of study as biology, transaction cost economics, game theory, ethics, psychology, sociology and politics. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

4. Opportunism - Definition • Luskin, Newt's Bain Opportunism Is Mitt's Opportunity https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

5. Opportunism - Definition • Somewhat confusingly, opportunism is sometimes also redefined by businessmen simply as the theory of discovering and pursuing opportunities.Shraga F. Biran, Opportunism: How to Change the World--One Idea at a Time. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011. These businessmen are motivated by their dislike for the idea that there could ever be anything wrong with capitalizing on opportunities. According to this redefinition, opportunism is a euphemism for entrepreneurship. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

6. Opportunism - Definition • Taking a Realism (international relations)|realistic or practical approach to a problem can involve weak forms of opportunism. For the sake of doing something that will work, or that successfully solves the problem, a previously agreed principle is knowingly compromised or disregarded - with the justification that alternative actions would, overall, have a worse effect. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

7. Opportunism - Definition • In choosing or seizing opportunities, human opportunism is most likely to occur where: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

8. Opportunism - Definition • Criticism of opportunism usually refers to a situation where beliefs and principles are tested or challenged. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

9. Opportunism - Definition • Human opportunism should not be confused with seeking opportunities as such, or making use of opportunities when they arise. Opportunism refers rather to a specific way of responding to opportunities, which involves the element of self-interestedness plus disregard for relevant (ethical) principles, or for intended or previously agreed goals, or for the shared concerns of a group.Luke Johnson (businessman)|Luke Johnson, A new lexicon to celebrate capitalism, Financial Times, October 25, 2011. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

10. Opportunism - Etymology • However, it is more likely that the English expression was directly borrowed from the French term, when it began to refer specifically to the opportunist Republicans, since the term first entered the English language in the early 1870s.According to the Grand Larousse encyclopédique, opportunism was the name given to the cautious reformism and nationalism of French Republicanism|Republicans, who advocated moderate policies to consolidate the French Third Republic after the eviction of the Monarchism|monarchists https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

11. Opportunism - Moral connotations • Thus, opportunism involves compromising some or other principle normally upheld https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

12. Opportunism - Moral connotations • Thus, substantively, opportunism refers to someone who acts on opportunities in a self-interested, biased or one-sided manner that conflicts or contrasts in some way with a (more general) rule, law, norm, or principle https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

13. Opportunism - Moral connotations • Moralists may have a distaste for opportunism, insofar as opportunism implies the violation of a moral principle. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

14. Opportunism - Human behaviour • Opportunism is regarded as unhealthy, as a disorder or as a character deficiency, if selfishly pursuing an opportunity is blatantly anti-social behaviour|anti-social (involves disregard for the needs, wishes and interests of others) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

15. Opportunism - Human behaviour • The sociology and psychology of human opportunism is somewhat related to the study of gambling behaviour, and centres on the way people respond to risk and opportunity, and what kind of motivation and organizational culture is involved. Both the element of risk and opportunity play a role. To be opportunist in behaviour, a person or group must: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

16. Opportunism - Human behaviour • Whatever the opportunist's exact motive, it always involves the element of selfishness. Psychologically, it follows that opportunism always assumes a basic ability to make one's own choices, and decide to act in a way that serves one's own interest. In turn, that presupposes at least some basic self-motivation, inner direction, inventiveness and behavioural freedom; subjectively, an opportunist must at least be able to recognize and respond to opportunities when they are there. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

17. Opportunism - Eight main contexts • In other words, the absence of relevant controls on behaviour is likely to facilitate opportunism.Joris Lammers Diederik Stapel|Diederik A https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

18. Opportunism - Eight main contexts • *'Advantages': the prevalence of opportunist behaviour is likely to be influenced by the perception that the pay-off or advantage of engaging in it, outweighs possible disadvantages or penalties. Opportunism is facilitated if the situation permits an actor to appropriate the gains or advantages to be had from an activity to themselves, while shifting the costs, blame and disadvantages to others. This may be regarded as unfair competition. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

19. Opportunism - Eight main contexts • Opportunist behaviour can be self-reinforcing: if there is a lot of opportunism, then not to be opportunist oneself would mean that competitors take advantage of that, and therefore people can be forced into an opportunist role as a defensive strategy. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

20. Opportunism - Eight main contexts • If the situation is one where shared rules are lacking, where it is quite uncertain what the relevant rule to apply is, or where everything is very uncertain or chaotic, plenty of scope exists for opportunist behaviour.Government's sudden need to debate terror bill smacks of opportunism, The Globe and Mail, 22 April 2013.[http://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/editorials/governments-sudden-need-to-debate-terror-bill-smacks-of-opportunism/article11451046/] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

21. Opportunism - Eight main contexts • *'Awareness': if people are for some or other reason deceiving themselves about the real consequences of their actions, they are more likely to initiate or condone opportunist behaviour; if they were more aware, that wouldn't happen to the same extent. Opportunism is facilitated if for any reason there is a low level of awareness that it is happening. Perceptions of the strengths and vulnerabilities of others and oneself may play an important role. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

22. Opportunism - Eight main contexts • *'Success': opportunism often involves the presence of a very strong desire (emotion)|desire to be popular, to exercise influence or to succeed in making gains. That motivation can promote the urge to win something by any means necessary, even if it means to cut corners and do things not consistent with relevant principles. If people are for some reason motivated to do anything at all to achieve success, they are more likely to engage in opportunist behaviour for that very reason. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

23. Opportunism - Five main organizational influences • *'Controls': some organizations may have a code of behaviour or set of rules that makes opportunist behaviour difficult, because organizational policy sets clear and immediate penalties for such behaviour. Other organizations may be so loosely structured and so lacking in controls and sanctions regulating behaviour, that opportunism becomes almost unavoidable. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

24. Opportunism - Five main organizational influences • *'Purpose': the scope for opportunism depends very much on the nature and goals of the organization itself, and on the strength and integrity of its leadership https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

25. Opportunism - Professional opportunism • In professional ethics, the concept of opportunism plays a role in defining criteria for professional integrity.Chester Barnard has a chapter on the theory of opportunism in his classic work The Functions of the Executive (Harvard University Press, originally published in 1938) https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

26. Opportunism - Intellectual opportunism • The phenomenon of intellectual opportunism is frequently associated by its critics with careerism https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

27. Opportunism - Sexual opportunism • Sexual opportunism is sometimes also defined as the use of sexual favours for selfish purposes quite unrelated to the sexual activity, in which case taking a sexual opportunity is merely the means to achieve a quite different purpose, for example to advance one's career or obtain social status|status or money.Graham Scambler, Sex Work Stigma: Opportunist Migrants in London https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

28. Opportunism - Sexual opportunism • In a clinical or scientific sense, sexual opportunism is often straightforwardly described as observable sexual promiscuity or the observable propensity to engage in casual sex, whatever the motive. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

29. Opportunism - Evolutionary opportunism • In the theory of evolution, evolutionary opportunism refers to a specific pattern of development in the history of a species https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

30. Opportunism - Biological opportunism • In microbiology, opportunism refers to the ability of a normally non-pathogenic microorganism to act as a pathogen in certain circumstances https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

31. Opportunism - Political opportunism • The term opportunism is often used in politics and political science, and by activists campaigning for a cause. The political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli as described in The Prince is often regarded as a classic manual of opportunist scheming. Political opportunism is interpreted in different ways, but usually refers to one or more of the following: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

32. Opportunism - Political opportunism • There are four main sources of political opportunism: suivisme (a specific political methodology that is applied to maintain or increase political influence), populism, risk management, and means become ends. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

33. Opportunism - Economic opportunism • Saparito, Individualism, Collectivism, and Opportunism: A Cultural Perspective on Transaction Cost Economics https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

34. Opportunism - Economic opportunism • 2 February 2005.[http://michaeljacksonstrial.blogspot.com/2005/02/greed-and-opportunism.html] https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

35. Opportunism - Economic opportunism • Glenn R. ParkerIn his book Self-policing in politics: the political economy of reputational controls on politicians (Princeton University Press, 2004, p.21). claims that the five most discussed examples of economic opportunism are: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

36. Opportunism - Economic opportunism • *reneging (in contracts), where a contractual agreement, promise, intention or understanding of a deal is not fully honoured by a party to the contract, for selfish motives, because it is possible to get away with it and/or because there is an incentive to do so.See e.g. G. Richard Shell, Opportunism and trust in the Negotiation of Commercial Contracts: Toward a New Cause of Action. Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 44, March 1991, pp. 221-282. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

37. Opportunism - Economic opportunism • Turtle, Legal Opportunism, Litigation Risk, and IPO Underpricing, January 2009 [http://69.175.2.130/~finman/Reno/Papers/LegalOpportunismLitigationRiskAndIPOUnderpricingnFMA0109n.pdf]; Paul J https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

38. Opportunism - Game theory • In this game-theoretical sense, Paul Seabright defines opportunism as the behaviour of those who seek to benefit from the efforts of others without contributing anything themselves.Paul Seabright, The company of strangers: a natural history of economic life https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

39. Opportunism - Game theory • In game theory, therefore, opportunism is not defined as being intrinsically and necessarily always a good thing or a bad thing; it could be either https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

40. Opportunism - Social opportunism • Social opportunism refers to the use of opportunities for social contact only for selfish purposes or motives https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

41. Opportunism - Social opportunism • Other social groupings may try to prevent social opportunism, by imposing strict preconditions of participation to ward off opportunists, or with the aid of rules prohibiting opportunist behaviour. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

42. Opportunism - Marxist theory of opportunism • Its main claim is that opportunism is not simply an aberration or impediment to the efficient functioning of capitalism, but an integral and necessary characteristic of it; capitalist market activity promotes opportunist moves in all sorts of ways https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

43. Opportunism - Marxist theory of opportunism • Elif Çağlı, A Dangerous Tendency: Opportunism] Critics of the Marxian interpretation argue that the problem of undesirable forms of opportunism appears in any large population subject to a complex division of labour, or any industrialized society (including a socialist one), since – whatever the rhetorics – it is in practice unable to maintain a shared social ethic, and because it creates plenty scope for competitors to take advantage of each other in an unprincipled way. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

44. Opportunism - Legal opportunism • The general effect of legal opportunism, if it really occurs, is that it discredits the rule of law or destroys the legitimacy of particular legal rules in the eyes of the people affected by them https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

45. Opportunism - Legal opportunism • Legal opportunism can involve practices such as the following: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

46. Opportunism - Spiritual opportunism • Spirituality|Spiritual opportunism refers to the exploitation of spiritual ideas (or of the spirituality of others, or of spiritual authority): for personal gain, partisan interests or selfish motives. Usually the implication is that doing so is unprincipled in some way, although it may cause no harm and involve no abuse. In other words, religion becomes a means to achieve something that is alien to it, or things are projected into religion that do not belong there. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

47. Opportunism - Spiritual opportunism • The term spiritual opportunism is also used in the sense of casting around for suitable spiritual beliefs borrowed and cobbled together in some way to justify, condemn or make sense of particular ways of behaving, usually with some partisan or ulterior motive. This may not be abusive, but it often gives rise to criticisms or accusationsAn example is Robert M. Price, Top Secret: The Truth Behind Today’s Pop Mysticisms. Prometheus Books, 2008 that the given spiritual beliefs: https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

48. Opportunism - Spiritual opportunism • Supporters of traditional religions such as Christianity, Islam, Hinduism or Buddhism sometimes complain that people (such as New Age enthusiasts) seek out spiritual beliefs that serve only themselves, as a form of spiritual opportunism https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

49. Opportunism - Spiritual opportunism • Spiritual opportunism sometimes refers also to the practice of proselytizing one's spiritual beliefs when any opportunity to do so arises, for the purpose of winning over, or persuading others, about the superiority of these beliefs https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html

50. Fascism - Unprincipled opportunism • Some critics of Italian fascism have argued that much of the ideology was merely a by-product of unprincipled opportunism by Mussolini, and that he changed his political stances merely to bolster his personal ambitions while he disguised them as being purposeful to the public.Gerhard Schreiber, Bernd Stegemann, Detlef Vogel https://store.theartofservice.com/the-opportunism-toolkit.html