Chapter 13 AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM

1. Chapter 13AN AGE OF EXPANSIONISM America Past and Present Eighth Edition Divine  Breen  Fredrickson  Williams  Gross  Brand Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

2. Movement to the Far West • American settlement reaches Pacific in 1830s and 1840s • Settlement encroaches on lands claimed by Mexico and England

3. Borderlands of the 1830s • 1842: Webster-Ashburton Treaty settles the northeast U.S.-Canadian boundary • Americans begin settling in • Oregon territory (joint U.S., English claim) • New Mexico territory (owned by Mexico) • California (owned by Mexico)

4. Territorial Expansion by the Mid-Nineteenth Century

5. The Texas Revolution • 1820s: Americans encouraged to move into Texas • "Anglos" never fully accept Mexican government rules on slavery and Catholicism • 1830: Mexico bans immigration from U.S. and importing slaves • 1835: Armed rebellion breaks out after Santa Anna seems bent on using military to enforce Mexican government policy

6. The Republic of Texas • March, 1836: Texans declare independence and the Alamo under siege • April, 1836: Santa Anna defeated at San Jacinto • May, 1836: Santa Anna’s treaty recognizes Texas' claim to territory (Mexico repudiates) • Texas offers free land grants to U.S. settlers • Annexation to U.S. refused by Jackson

7. Texas Revolution

8. Trails of Trade and Settlement • Santa Fe Trail closed to U.S. travelers as a result of Mexico’s war with Texas • Oregon Trail conduit for heavy stream of settlers to the Oregon country • Oregon settlers demand an end to joint U.S.-British occupation

9. The Mormon Trek:Westward Flight • Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter Day Saints founded by Joseph Smith, 1830 • Mormon church seeks revival of pure aboriginal American Christianity • Mormons persecuted for unorthodoxy • Flee New York for Nauvoo, Illinois • Murder of Joseph Smith 1844 • Brigham Young becomes Mormon leader • Mormons move to Great Salt Lake in Utah

10. The Mormons Trek:Mormons in Utah • 1847: State of Deseret established, technically in Mexican territory • Desert transformed into farmland • 1848: U.S. gets Utah and Mormons at first resist U.S. governance • 1857: Brigham Young accepts post as territorial governor of Utah

11. Western Trails

12. Manifest Destiny and the Mexican-American War • Widespread call for annexation of newly settled lands • “Manifest Destiny” a slogan of those believing the U.S. divinely ordained to encompass Mexico and Canada

13. Tyler and Texas • 1841: John Tyler assumes presidency after William Henry Harrison’s death • Tyler breaks with Whigs • 1844: Tyler negotiates annexation with Texas for re-election campaign issue • Senate refuses to ratify because of expansion of slavery • Tyler loses Whig nomination to Henry Clay • Annexation by joint resolution

14. The Triumph of Polkand Annexation • Democrats nominate James K. Polk • Polk runs on expansionist platform • Annexation of Texas for Southern vote • U.S. jurisdiction of Oregon for Northern vote • James Birney and Liberty Party take votes away from Clay over the expansion of slavery • Polk, Congress interpret his election as mandate for expansion • Texas annexed by joint resolution shortly before Polk inaugurated

15. The Liberty Party Swings an Election

16. The Election of 1844

17. The Doctrine of Manifest Destiny • "Manifest Destiny" first used in 1845 by John O’ Sullivan • God wants the U.S., His chosen nation, to become stronger • Americans make new territories free and democratic • Growing American population needs land • Limits to American expansion undefined

18. Polk and the Oregon Question • “54’ 40” or fight” • 1846: Polk tells British that joint occupation no longer acceptable • England prepares for war, proposes division of the area • Senate approves division of Oregon along 49o north latitude, Treaty of 1846 • U.S. gains ownership of Puget Sound • Northern expansionists condemned Polk for division

19. Northwest Boundary Dispute

20. War with Mexico: Outbreak • Texan claim to area between Nueces and Rio Grande Rivers not recognized by Mexico • After Texas annexation, this causes conflict between U.S. and Mexico • Polk orders General Zachary Taylor into disputed area • April 24 1846 Mexicans attack Americans in disputed area • May 13, 1846: War on Mexico declared

21. War with Mexico: Course • General Zachary Taylor wins campaign in northern Mexico • Colonel Stephen Kearney captured New Mexico and joined John C. Frémont in taking California by early 1847 • September, 1847: General Winfield Scott occupies Mexico City

22. Settlement of the Mexican-American War: Terms • Nicholas Trist, the negotiator with Mexico, disobeys Polk’s orders to return to Washington • February, 1848: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • Rio Grande becomes southern border • New Mexico, California ceded to U.S. • U.S. pays Mexico $15 million

23. Settlement of the Mexican-American War: Aftermath • Why the U.S. did not annex all of Mexico • Merk Thesis: racism and anti-colonial heritage • Graebner: U.S. only wanted west coast ports, no need for rest of Mexico • Mexican War politically contentious • Whigs constantly criticized war effort • Northerners view war as aimed at increasing slavery and Southern power • Wilmont Proviso • Manifest Destiny ultimately limited by racism and slavery question

24. The Mexican-American War

25. Internal Expansionism • “Young Americans” link territorial growth to other material achievements • Technological innovation—e.g. telegraph • Transportation improvements • Growth of trade • Mass immigration • Discovery of California gold inspires transcontinental projects • Territorial expansion wanes after 1848, economic, population growth continues

26. The Triumph of the Railroad • 1840s: railroad begins displacing canals • Rail construction stimulates iron industry • Railroads stimulate new forms of finance • Bonds • Preferred stock • Government subsidies

27. Railroads, 1850 and 1860

28. The Industrial Revolution Takes Off • Mass production, the division of labor makes production more efficient • Factory system emerges • Gather laborers in one place for supervision • Cash wages • “Continuous process" of manufacturing • Agriculture becomes mechanized • Northern economy based on interaction of industry, transportation, agriculture

30. Mass Immigration Begins • 1840-1860: 4 million Irish, Germans immigrate to U.S. • Most come for higher wages • Immigrants fill low-paying jobs in port cities • Low immigrant wages contribute to slums • Urban reform movement results from poverty of slums • Working class experience unifies different ethnicities into an American working class

31. Immigration to the United States, 1820–1860

32. The New Working Class • 1840s: Factory labor begins shifting from women, children to men • Immigrants dominate new working class • Employers less involved with laborers • Post-1837 employers demand more work for less pay • Unions organized to defend worker rights

33. The New Working Class • Wage laborers resent discipline, continuous nature of factory work • Workers cling to traditional work habits • Adjustment to new work style was painful and took time

34. The Costs of Expansion • Working class poses problem for ideals • Working for wages was assumed to be the first step toward becoming one’s own master • New class of permanent wage-earners conflicted with old ideal • Economic expansion creates conflicts between classes • Territorial expansion creates conflicts between sections • Both sets of conflicts uncontrollable