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Chapter 5 Exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (Give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) Problem Set 4

Syntax Slide. Chapter 5 Exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (Give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) Problem Set 4 Goals for syntax chapter Not responsible for Section 4 (Verb raising) or how to do passive sentences You should know how to do the following:

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Chapter 5 Exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (Give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) Problem Set 4

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  1. Syntax Slide • Chapter 5 Exx: 2, 3, 4, 9, 11 (Give surface and deep structure for 11 – no trees) • Problem Set 4 Goals for syntax chapter • Not responsible for Section 4 (Verb raising) or how to do passive sentences • You should know how to do the following: • identify the lexical/syntactic category of word • construct phrases and simple sentences and sentences with embedded sentences (draw trees for these structures) • apply different movement operations to derive surface structure forms from deep structure

  2. Syntax Slide 1 Syntax • The part of the grammar that combines words into sentences • The study of the system of rules and categories that underlies sentence formation. • The goal of syntax is to come up with universal principles (Universal Grammar) that describes all languages phrase formation procedures • Syntax is responsible for the hierarchical structure of phrases and their creation

  3. Syntax Slide 2 Syntax • Syntactic Categories • Lexical categories: Noun (N), Verb (V), Adjective (A), Preposition (P) and Adverb (Adv) • Nonlexical Categories: Determiner (Det); Auxiliary Verb (Aux) - Modal and Nonmodal; Conjunction (Con); Degree word (Deg) • Table 5.1, p. 153 • Harder to define nonlexical words (the or so compared to hill or book) • Some words can belong to more than one category - examples? like/fond

  4. Syntax Slide 3 Syntax

  5. Syntax Slide 4 Syntax • Lexical: • words that have semantic content • words that can be inflected • an open class to which new members can be added • includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions • Nonlexical: • words that have gramatical function • words that do not have morphology • words that resist change • a closed class to which new members are not added • includes determiners, auxiliary verbs, degree words, qualifiers, pronouns, conjunctions, complementizers, and particles

  6. Syntax Slide 5 Syntax How to determine syntactic category - MEANING • Noun = person, place or thing (Jeff, classroom, book) • Verb = action, sensation, state of being (run, loves, sees, be) • Adjective = describes a noun (green, ugly) • Adverb = describes a verb (quickly, slowly) • Preposition = describes physical location (to, for, from, on, in)

  7. Syntax Slide 6 Syntax How to determine syntactic category – INFLECTION TEST • Only certain inflectional suffixes attach to certain lexical categories • There are some words that belong to these syntactic categories that do not take these suffixes (*funner, *intelligenter)

  8. Syntax Slide 7 Syntax How to determine syntactic category – DISTRIBUTION - SPECIFIERS • Determiner = specifies a noun (the, a, these, that) • Adverbs = specifies a verb (always, often, never) • Degree = specifies an adjective or preposition (very, quite, really) • So you can tell a N if it can occur after a Det • A V can occur with an Aux verb • An Adjective with a degree word

  9. Syntax Slide 8 Syntax Noun phrases (NP) • presidents - contains only the head noun • the presidents - contains a specifier and head noun • presidents of the USA - contains the head N and a complement prepositional phrase • the presidents of the USA - contains a specifier, head N, complement PP The complement PP of the USA contains the head P of and a complement NP. The NP the USAcontains the specifier and head N

  10. Syntax Slide 9 Syntax Verb Phrases (VP) • sings - contains only the head verb • often sings - contains a specifier and head verb • sings a ballad - contains the head V and a complement NP • often sings a ballad - contains a specifier, head V, complement NP The complement NP a ballad contains the head N ballad and specifier a.

  11. Syntax Slide 10 Syntax Adjective Phrases (AP) • happy - contains only the head adjective (A) • very happy - contains a specifier and head A • happy with the results - contains the head A and a complement PP • very happy with the results - contains a specifier, head A, complement PP The complement PP with the results contains the head P and complement NP the results. The NP contains specifier and head N.

  12. Syntax Slide 11 Syntax Prepositional Phrases (PP) • in - contains only the head preposition (P) • almost in - contains a specifier and head P • in the car - contains the head P and a complement NP • almost in the car - contains a specifier, head P, complement NP The complement NP the car contains the head N and specifier.

  13. Syntax Slide 12 Syntax Phrase structure rules The preceding examples show that any given phrase can be composed of a mandatory head and optional complement and optional specifier. This is written as: XP  (Spec) X (Comp) The optional components are written in ()s. From previous examples we have the following: Can you think of any other possibilities? NP  (Det) N (PP) VP  (Adv) V (NP) AP  (Deg) A (PP) PP  (Deg) P (NP)

  14. Syntax Slide 13 Syntax • Phrase Structure - units of words, but not sentences = phrases • Each phrase consists of the head, a specifier and a complement • The way the book groups phrases is called X' (X bar) where X stands for whatever category you’re dealing with (Noun, Verb, etc) XP X' (Specifier) X (Complement) head

  15. NP N′ N dog Syntax Slide 14 Syntax • Phrase Structure • The heads of a phrase are mandatory

  16. NP N′ Det N the dog Syntax Slide 15 Syntax • Phrase Structure • Specifiers can occur before the head (in English) and are optional

  17. NP N′ Det N PP the dog in the house Syntax Slide 16 Syntax • Phrase Structure • Complements can occur after the head (in English) and are optional s are only used when it is not necessary to show the internal structure of that phrase. Assume that it is NOTOK to use s.

  18. NP N′ Det N PP the dog in the house Syntax Slide 17 Syntax • Phrase Structure Rules • XP  (specifier) X (complement)*

  19. AP A′ Deg A quite happy Syntax Slide 18 Syntax • Phrase Structure Rules • AP  Deg A

  20. VP V′ Adv V always eats Syntax Slide 19 Syntax • Phrase Structure Rules • VP  Adv V

  21. PP P′ P NP on N' Det the N couch Syntax Slide 20 Syntax • Phrase Structure Rules • PP  P NP

  22. PP P′ VP V′ P NP on Adv V N' Det always eats the N couch Syntax Slide 21 Syntax • VP  Deg V PP; PP  P NP MERGE

  23. PP P' VP V' P NP on Adv V N' Det always eats the N couch Syntax Slide 22 Syntax • VP  Deg V PP; PP  P NP

  24. Syntax Slide 23 • Simple sentences • The sentence or IP is the highest level in the sentence structure. • These elements are mandatory for an English Sentence. • IP  NP (subject ) I’ (inflection) • I’  I VP (predicate) • I  + or - Past and/or a Modal • Lines will never intersect • NP to the left • VP to the right

  25. Syntax Slide 24 Syntax Steps in drawing trees. • Step 1 - assign each word to the appropriate category.

  26. Syntax Slide 25 Syntax Steps in drawing trees. • Step 2 – working from right to left (for English), write the appropriate phrasal structure. Specifiers go directly to XP level.

  27. Syntax Slide 26 Syntax Steps in drawing trees. • Step 3 – There is no complement for the NP that man so move on to the previous VP. The NP is a complement for the VP so attach the NP to V′

  28. Syntax Slide 27 Syntax Steps in drawing trees. • Step 4 – The VP is not a complement of the NP. Draw the final NP.

  29. Syntax Slide 28 Syntax Steps in drawing trees. • Step 5 – Connect the predicate VP and the subject NP as the complement and specifier (respectively) of IP

  30. N Det N V Det Syntax Slide 29 Sentences (IP) Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book The students hated the textbook

  31. NP N' N Det N V Det Syntax Slide 30 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book The students hated the textbook

  32. VP V' NP N' N Det N V Det Syntax Slide 31 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book The students hated the textbook

  33. IP I' VP V' NP N' I N Det N +Pst V Det Syntax Slide 32 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book The students hated the textbook

  34. NP N' Syntax Slide 33 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students hated the book IP I' VP V' NP N' I N Det N +Pst V Det The students hated the textbook

  35. NP N' Syntax Slide 34 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The students will hate the book IP I' VP V' NP N' I N Det N - Pst V Det The students will hate the textbook

  36. IP I' NP VP N' V' NP N' I N Det N +Pst V Det Syntax Slide 35 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The housewives kept the secrets The housewives kept the secrets

  37. IP I' NP VP N' V' NP N' I N Det N - Pst V Det Syntax Slide 36 • Sentences (IP) • Each IP consists of an NP as specifier and the head (which is Inflection) with VP as a complement: The housewives can keep the secrets The housewives can keep the secrets

  38. Syntax Slide 37 • Subcategorization • Fancy term for what complements any XP can or must take Verbs that can take a complement are transitive (eat, read, look) She read a book Verbs that do not are intransitive (sleep, lie, laugh) He slept See Table 5.5, p. 163 for what complements certain verbs can take

  39. Syntax Slide 38 Complement Clauses (embedded sentences) • Think about this sentence • I wonder if she will take the test. • How do we incorporate the second sentence: she will take the test? • This second sentence (called a complement clause or CP) is serving as the complement of the V wonder • Like all other syntactic structures, CPs consist of: CP  C ' and C '  C IP • Words such as that, whether and if are known as complementizers (C). • The specifier position is open for Move operations (discussed later) • Matrix clauses are the largest clause that contain the CP(s) • [I wonder[if she will take the test.]]

  40. Syntax Slide 39 Example of a complement clause

  41. Syntax Slide 40 Example of a complement clause

  42. Syntax Slide 41 A Bit Theoretically Bizarre If we want to keep the structures the same for the theory, then it is posited that all IPs are actually CPs with or without a C (like we have I whether or not it actually gets filled with a surface form).

  43. Syntax Slide 42 Questions? • Following our rules for sentence structure how do we account for questions? • Is the man intelligent? • Can you come to dinner? • In the first example, there is no NP to the left of the IP and in the second, the modal is before the subject. • To explain this we will use the theory of: Deep Structure.

  44. Syntax Slide 43 Deep Structure Accounting for sentences such as questions and passives with a new set of rules would be messy. Transformational grammar accounts for the differences with transformations (move). All sentences in deep structure (before the move) will follow our previous phrasal rules. How do we know deep structure exists?

  45. Syntax Slide 44 Arguments for Deep Structure • What will you say? • In this sentence What is functioning as the object of the sentence. • This can be demonstrated by trying to add an object after the verb. • * What will you say goodbye. • In this sentence, the verb requires an object, so omitting it in the non-question form does not work • * You will say

  46. Syntax Slide 45 Arguments for Deep Structure • Deep structure for this sentence is • You will say what? • To arrive at deep structure • Merge -> Deep Structure • Deep Structure -> Move • Surface structure • Surface structure trees must show traces of units original position.

  47. Syntax Slide 46 D-Structure and S-Structure

  48. Syntax Slide 47 Movement • 2 types of movement: • Inversion (yes/no question) • That guy should eat an apple  Should that guy t eat an apple? • Wh- Movement + Inversion • the students should read what for class  What should the students t read t for class?

  49. CP C ' IP C +Q I' NP VP V' N' I -pst Det V N that student should study Syntax Slide 48 Movement - Inversion

  50. I -pst should Syntax Slide 49 Movement - Inversion CP C ' C +Q IP I' NP VP V' N' I -pst Det V N that student t study

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