Chapter 25, then Ch. 24 Viruses & Bacteria

1. BiologyMr. Galloway Chapter 25, then Ch. 24 Viruses & Bacteria 25 - Viruses 24 - Bacteria Recommended Website:

2. No one knows more about Russia's astounding experiments with biowarfare than Ken Alibek. This former mastermind behind Russia's germ warfare effort reveals two decades of shocking breakthroughs...how Moscow's leading scientists actually reengineered hazardous microbes to make them even more virulent...the secrets behind the discovery of an invisible, untraceable new class of biological agents just right for use in political assassinations...the startling story behind Russia's attempt to turn a sample of the AIDS virus into the ultimate bioweapon. And in a chilling work of real-world intrigue, Biohazard offers us all a rare glimpse into a shadowy scientific underworld where doctors manufacture mass destruction, where witnesses to errors are silenced forever, and where ground zero is closer than we ever dared believe. From Library Journal“Biological weapons in the former Soviet Union; where are they now?”

3. Ch 25 - Viruses ?What are they? From God? Ebola Virus

4. Sexually Transmitted Diseases Genital Herpes AIDS

6. VirusesAlien Invaders Viruses are NON-living particles that invade living cells. * Viruses do not use energy to grow, or respond to surroundings. * Viruses reproduce by invading living cells and forcing them to make more viruses. * They destroy the living cell in the process.

7. All viruses are parasites: - They destroy living cells of a host. Parasite = organisms that live on or in a host and cause harm to the host. Host = a living thing that provides a source of energy for a virus or an organism.

8. So, where and when did viruses originate? Remember, God’s punishes rebellion by withdrawing His hand of protection (especially from diseases). Genesis 1:29-31 (God calls all of creation “very good”.) (No disease and no death) Gen 3 (Sin & separation cause “thorns and thistles”) Lev 13-15 (God gives laws to protect against microbes) Num 12 (God withdraws protection from Moses’s racist sister.) Rom 1 (God withdraws disease protection from homosexuals.) Mat 24:21-22; Rev 6:7-8; Zech 14 (Tribulation period will include bioterror plagues.)

9. It is possible that Satan and the fallen angels genetically engineered viruses after the fall. - Only God can create real “life”. - Viruses are not living things. - They are like genetic computer code viruses, designed to subvert and destroy the goodness of God’s creation, causing suffering and death.

10. The box in the diagrams at the left entitled, “Evolutionary Relationships” is an erroneous assumption based upon the philosophical belief in macroevolution. Remember, macroevolution claims that vertical change from one “kind” of creature (population) can occur due to the hypothesized mechanism of mutations. Yet, it is now known that mutations never add new genetic information. (See Dr. Spetner’s book, NOT BY CHANCE.

12. HIV Virus

13. Lytic Cycle

14. Lysogenic Cycle

16. Viral Diseases

17. HIV Virus – Causes AIDS Glycoprotein RNA Genome Reverse Transcriptase Capsid Envelope

18. Lytic Cycle Attachment Entry Replication Assembly Release

19. Naming Viruses: * NOT by binomial nomenclature, since they are not alive. * Named after scientists, diseases, hosts - Human Immunodeficiency Virus - Tobacco Mosaic Virus

20. Classification • Bacteriophages = infect bacterial cells usually with negative effects on the cell • Animal Viruses = infect invertebrates & vertebrates; entering by endocytosis and exiting by exocytosis • Plant Viruses = rely on insects to provide an opening for entry; mostly RNA viruses • Viroids = naked snippets of RNA causing plant disease • Prions = infectious protein particles

21. Shapes and Sizes of Viruses: Shapes – helical, round, rods, bricklike, bulletlike, or even ROBOT like the Bacteriophage. Sizes – 22 to 250 nanometers (nm = 1 billionth of meter) Much smaller than even a bacterium, 750 nm, like the strep throat bacteria)Structure of Viruses: Two basic parts: 1. Outer Protein Coat (locks onto specific living cells) 2. Inner Genetic Core (injected into a host’s cell)

23. DNA Viruses Viral Group Size(nm) Structure Diseases • Papovaviruses 45-55 Polyhederal Warts • Adenoviruses 70-80 Polyhedral Respiratory & Intestinal Infections, Conjunctivitis, Sore Throat • Herpes viruses 150-200 Enveloped Herpes, Chickenpox, Polyhedral Shingles Infectious Mononucleosis • Pox viruses 100-200 Helical Smallpox

24. RNA Viruses Viral Group Size(nm) Structure Diseases • Picornaviruses 20-30 Polyhedral Poliomyelitis, Infectious Hepatitis, Common Cold • Myxoviruses 80-120 Enveloped Influenza A,B,C Helical • Rhabdoviruse 70-180 Enveloped Rabies Helical • Retrovirus 100 Glycoprotien AIDS Enveloped Complex

25. T4 Bacteriophage(“bacteria eater”)

27. Bacteriophage “Virus Eater” • Genes • Head • Tail • Tail Fibers

28. How Viruses Multiply: * Its genetic material is injected into the cell and takes over the cell’s programs.* Directs the cell to make more virus particles.* New virus particles form inside the host cell. Active (Virulent) Viruses = immediately begin multiplying inside the cell. (Lytic Cycle) Hidden (Temperate) Viruses = injects & integrates its genetic material into the host genome. (Lysogenic)(Often waits until the body of the host is weak from stress.)

29. How a bacteriophage invades a living cell.

30. Lytic Cycle: Virulent Viruses • Phase #1: Absorption • Phase #2: Entry • Phase #3: Replication • Phase #4: Assembly • Phase #5: Release

32. http://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/viruses/adlyt.htmlhttp://www.cat.cc.md.us/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit2/viruses/adlyt.html Absorption

33. Penetration

34. Replication and Maturation

36. Lysogenic Cycle:Temperate Viruses • Phase #1: Absorption • Phase #2: Entry • Virus becomes dormant until environmental change stimulates it. (often host’s stress) • Phase #3: Replication • Phase #4: Assembly • Phase #5: Release

37. Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophage

38. Viral Diseases:(Colds, Flu, Herpes, Warts, AIDS, measles, Rabies, etc.) Vaccine = a substance that stimulates the body to produce chemicals that destroy viruses or bacteria. * Made of altered virus or bacteria. * It causes the body to be “on alert” for live invaders similar to the vaccine ones.

39. “In my estimation Dr. Horowitz has unearthed a covert operation run amok, that is bigger than any secret operation in U.S. history, and more momentous in its implications to humanity than the atomic weapons "Manhattan Project" of World War II. . . . MANDATORY READING.” -JACK A. KINGSTON, CHAIRMANNATIONAL SECURITY ADVISORY BOARDWASHINGTON, DC

40. Emerging Viruses: • Horowitz's theories help explain the sudden emergence of several novel viral epidemics since 1970. . . . [He] heavily documents that, in the late 1960s and early 1970s, cancer virus and bioweapons researchers were developing HIV-like viruses in their labs. Horowitz persuasively shows that there was strong motive to produce AIDS-like weapons. . . .." • STEVEN KAUFFMAN, M.D.BOOK REVIEW, MEDICAL RESEARCH MODERNIZATION COMMITTEE REPORT • "A well documented chronology of the AIDS virus research effort supporting the author's hypothesis that AIDS was the result of a manufactured virus created for military/population control objectives. Fascinating, well researched, referenced and written. Four stars out of five. " • - BOOK REVIEW - JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF FORENSIC DENTISTS

41. Ch 24 - Bacteria

42. One Bacterium

43. Bacillus Coccus Spirochete Streptococcus

44. Insensitive Moderately Sensitive Insensitive Very Sensitive

45. Bacterial colonies in culture media in petri dishes E. coli (A common intestinal bacteria) Streak Plate 4-quadrants Colonies of various kinds

46. Characteristics: Structural Features • Prokaryotic • Most have a Cell wall • Flagellum or Pili attached to cell wall • Three Shapes: • Coccus: spherical • Bacillus: rod or cylindrical • Spirillum: helical

47. 1. Archaebacteria (Unicellular) Prokarotes = no true nucleus * Means “ancient bacteria”, since evolutionists believe they evolved first. * Some live in extreme environments, like very hot water near lava. * Some are autotrophs, and some are heterotrophs

48. Archaebacteria Methanogens = Methane-Makers • inhabit swamps, mud, sewage, animal guts • anaerobic respiration • convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen to methane

49. Archaebacteria Extreme Halophiles = Salt-Lovers • high salt environments • pinkish-colored colonies • heterotrophic aerobes

50. Archaebacteria Thermoacidophiles = Heat and Acid-Lovers • thermal vents of the sea floor and mineral springs • pH between 2 and 4 • temperatures exceeding 250 degrees C • chemosynthetic using hydrogen sulfide