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Chapter4 Physical development in infancy and toddlerhood p. 132 - 145

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Chapter4 Physical development in infancy and toddlerhood p. 132 - 145

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    2. Motor development The sequence of motor development ??????(Gross motor development)?··· ????????????????????????(????·??·??) ??????(fine motor development)??··· ????????(reaching·grasping) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????2??????????? Cephalocaudal trend ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (??????? ? ?????? ? ??) Proximodistal trend ??????????????????????????? (??????? ? ????????) ?????··· ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???··· ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? Motor development The sequence of motor development ??????(Gross motor development)?··· ????????????????????????(????·??·??) ??????(fine motor development)??··· ????????(reaching·grasping) ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????2??????????? Cephalocaudal trend ????????????????????????????????????????????????????? (??????? ? ?????? ? ??) Proximodistal trend ??????????????????????????? (??????? ? ????????) ?????··· ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???··· ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????

    3. Motor skills as dynamic systems ???????????????????????????? ????motor skill?????action???????????????????????????????????????????????? Dynamic systems theory of motor development(???????????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????motor skill????? ????motor skill??????????????????????????????????????·???????? ?????????????motor skill?????????? 1) ????·??????·???????????????????? 2) ????·????·?????????1??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ·???????? ·???????? ·?????????????? ·(?????????)?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????··· motor development??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? Motor skills as dynamic systems ???????????????????????????? ????motor skill?????action???????????????????????????????????????????????? Dynamic systems theory of motor development(???????????????????) ????????????????????????????????????????motor skill????? ????motor skill??????????????????????????????????????·???????? ?????????????motor skill?????????? 1) ????·??????·???????????????????? 2) ????·????·?????????1??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ·???????? ·???????? ·?????????????? ·(?????????)?????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????? ?????··· motor development??????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????

    4. Cultural variations in motor development ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ·??:??????????????????????????? ·??????Zinacanteco Indians :????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ·????Kipsigis?????????West Indians :?????????????????????1???????????????????? ·?????Kipsigis?????????motor skill??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ·??????West Indians??????????????????????????????????handling routine?? ???????????????Cultural variations in motor development ??????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ·??:??????????????????????????? ·??????Zinacanteco Indians :????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????? ·????Kipsigis?????????West Indians :?????????????????????1???????????????????? ·?????Kipsigis?????????motor skill??????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????? ·??????West Indians??????????????????????????????????handling routine?? ???????????????

    5. Fine motor development : voluntary reaching and grasping ????motor skill????··· ·voluntary reaching:??????????????????????????????????? ·grasping things:????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???:???????????prereaching??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??7?????? 3?4??:????reaching?????????????????? ?????????????ulnar grasp(????)??????????????? 4?5??:????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 9??:???????????????????pincer grasp(?????)??????????????????????? ????? ??9????????????????????????··· ??????????????????reaching?grasping?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ? ????··· ???reaching???????????????????????????????? ????????Voluntary reaching??????????????????????????????? ·???????????????????··· :????????????????6?????reaching????? ·?????(???????????????????????????)???????··· :???????????????????reaching????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????reaching??????????? Fine motor development : voluntary reaching and grasping ????motor skill????··· ·voluntary reaching:??????????????????????????????????? ·grasping things:????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? ???:???????????prereaching??????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??7?????? 3?4??:????reaching?????????????????? ?????????????ulnar grasp(????)??????????????? 4?5??:????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? 9??:???????????????????pincer grasp(?????)??????????????????????? ????? ??9????????????????????????··· ??????????????????reaching?grasping?????????????????????????????? ???????????????? ? ????··· ???reaching???????????????????????????????? ????????Voluntary reaching??????????????????????????????? ·???????????????????··· :????????????????6?????reaching????? ·?????(???????????????????????????)???????··· :???????????????????reaching????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????reaching???????????

    6. Perceptual development ?????????????????·??·??·????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????? Hearing ??1????··· ????????????????????????????2??????????????????????1?????? ?????????????????????(Morrongiello,1986)? ????????????··· ???????????????????????????? ·??3?????????????????????????? ·??6??????look?reach??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????? Perceptual development ?????????????????·??·??·????????????????????????????????????????????????????????1???????????????????????? Hearing ??1????··· ????????????????????????????2??????????????????????1?????? ?????????????????????(Morrongiello,1986)? ????????????··· ???????????????????????????? ·??3?????????????????????????? ·??6??????look?reach??????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????

    7. Vision ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????7?8??????????????? ??????··· ????????????????(the eye and visual centers)????????????? ·???????????????????????????? ·??2??????????????????????????????? ????????(visual acuity)???1??????? ·??6?????20/600??20/100?????? ·??11?????????????????? ?????6?????????????????????????????????????????? ???··· ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? “?????”?”??????”???2?????????Vision ?????????????????????? ???????????????????????????7?8??????????????? ??????··· ????????????????(the eye and visual centers)????????????? ·???????????????????????????? ·??2??????????????????????????????? ????????(visual acuity)???1??????? ·??6?????20/600??20/100?????? ·??11?????????????????? ?????6?????????????????????????????????????????? ???··· ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? “?????”?”??????”???2?????????

    8. Depth perception ???????··· ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????motor activity??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????··· Eleanor Gibson?Richard Walk(1960)?????????????????? ???????··· ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ? ???????··· ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ? ???··· ???????”????”?”????????”????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????? Depth perception ???????··· ??????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????motor activity??????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????··· Eleanor Gibson?Richard Walk(1960)?????????????????? ???????··· ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ? ???????··· ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????? ? ???··· ???????”????”?”????????”????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????

    9. ???··· ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1)??????1???:motion cues??? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??3?4??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 2)??2????4??:???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???3D?????????????????????????????????????2?3???????6??? ??????????? 3)??5????12??:????????????? ????3???????????????????????6????????????? ?????????????????(????????????)????????(???????????????? ?????)? ??????????????????????????????????motor development????????????? ??????????????????????????????3??????????????????????????5? 6?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????”??????”??????????????????????????????????··· ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????? 1)??????1???:motion cues??? ??????????????????????????????????????????? ??3?4??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? 2)??2????4??:???????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???3D?????????????????????????????????????2?3???????6??? ??????????? 3)??5????12??:????????????? ????3???????????????????????6????????????? ?????????????????(????????????)????????(???????????????? ?????)? ??????????????????????????????????motor development????????????? ??????????????????????????????3??????????????????????????5? 6?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????”??????”???????????????????????????????

    10. Independent movement and depth perception Bertenthal, Campos, & Barrett (1984)???????··· ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??? ·“?????”?????????????????? ??????????3???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ·??????????????????????????????????????????????? ·?????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????··· ?????????????????????????(???????)???????????? Independent movement and depth perception Bertenthal, Campos, & Barrett (1984)???????··· ??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ??? ·“?????”?????????????????? ??????????3???????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????? ·??????????????????????????????????????????????? ·?????????????????????????????????????????? ? ????????··· ?????????????????????????(???????)????????????

    11. Pattern and face perception ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???3???????????????????????????8???14????????????????? ? ??????????????(pattern preference)?????contrast sensitivity???(Banks & Ginsburg, 1985) ????????????????????????????????????????2????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? :?????????????????????????????????????????2????????????? ?????????????????Pattern and face perception ???????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????????? ???3???????????????????????????8???14????????????????? ? ??????????????(pattern preference)?????contrast sensitivity???(Banks & Ginsburg, 1985) ????????????????????????????????????????2????????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????? ???? :?????????????????????????????????????????2????????????? ?????????????????

    12. Combining pattern elements 1)???????????visual scanning????(??????) ·??1??:?????????????(????)???????????????????????????????? ???????? ·??2??:?????contrast sensitivity??????????????????(??????????????)?? ???????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? 2)??????????(??????) (a)??4????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? (b)????????????????????????????????????????????? ·??9??????????????????????????????????????? ·??12????????????3??2?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????Combining pattern elements 1)???????????visual scanning????(??????) ·??1??:?????????????(????)???????????????????????????????? ???????? ·??2??:?????contrast sensitivity??????????????????(??????????????)?? ???????? ? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? 2)??????????(??????) (a)??4????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? (b)????????????????????????????????????????????? ·??9??????????????????????????????????????? ·??12????????????3??2?????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????

    13. Perception of the human face 1)??????1?? :???????????????? 2)??2????4?? :??????????????????? ?????3????????????????????????????????????????????????2 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3)??5????12?? :??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????··· ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??? Perception of the human face 1)??????1?? :???????????????? 2)??2????4?? :??????????????????? ?????3????????????????????????????????????????????????2 ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????? 3)??5????12?? :??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????? ?????··· ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???

    14. Intermodal perceotion ??????·?????(Intermodal perception)??··· ???????????????1??????????????????????????????????? ?????(Meltzoff,1990 ; Spelke, 1987)??··· ???????????????????????????????? :????”????????????????????????????” ? ???????????sight·sound·touch???3?????????????????????? ?????··· ·??3?4?????????????????????????????? ·??7?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????(?????????????)??????????????? ·???????????????????????????????????????? ·????????????sight?sound??????????????????????????????? ? ??????????··· ?????????????????????????????????????? Intermodal perceotion ??????·?????(Intermodal perception)??··· ???????????????1??????????????????????????????????? ?????(Meltzoff,1990 ; Spelke, 1987)??··· ???????????????????????????????? :????”????????????????????????????” ? ???????????sight·sound·touch???3?????????????????????? ?????··· ·??3?4?????????????????????????????? ·??7?????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????(?????????????)??????????????? ·???????????????????????????????????????? ·????????????sight?sound??????????????????????????????? ? ??????????··· ??????????????????????????????????????

    15. Understanding perceptual development ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????) Eleanor and James Gibson????··· differentiation theory????????????? :?????????????????????????????????(invariant features:????????)??? ?????????? ????··· 1)???????? ·???????????????????????????? ·???????????????????(?????)????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ·???????????????????????????? 2)??????? ????????????????(??????????????????)???????????? ?Gibson?????··· ????????(acting)????????????(????????????????)?????? ????··· ·???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ·???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????????Gibson?????????????????? Haith & Benson(1998) ; Mandler(1998)????··· ???????????? :??????????????????????????????????????????????impose(?????) ????????????????????????????????? ????··· ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ??··· ???????????2????(Gibson??????????????)???????????? ?????????1??????????????????????????????????????????Understanding perceptual development ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(?????????????????????????????) Eleanor and James Gibson????··· differentiation theory????????????? :?????????????????????????????????(invariant features:????????)??? ?????????? ????··· 1)???????? ·???????????????????????????? ·???????????????????(?????)????????????????????????? ???????????????????????? ·???????????????????????????? 2)??????? ????????????????(??????????????????)???????????? ?Gibson?????··· ????????(acting)????????????(????????????????)?????? ????··· ·???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????? ·???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????? ???????????Gibson?????????????????? Haith & Benson(1998) ; Mandler(1998)????··· ???????????? :??????????????????????????????????????????????impose(?????) ????????????????????????????????? ????··· ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????? ??··· ???????????2????(Gibson??????????????)???????????? ?????????1??????????????????????????????????????????

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