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Migration: The Vocabulary. It is a fundamental human activity. It is how we moved from a limited environment in Africa to occupy every bioregion on Earth. Every period of human history involves migration. As a result of migration:.
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It is a fundamental human activity • It is how we moved from a limited environment in Africa to occupy every bioregion on Earth.
As a result of migration: • Cultures develop as humans adapt to and interact with new environments. Place creates us as much as we create place. • Cultures change as groups of people adapt too and interact with each other and leave each other changed. • Innovations spread from place to place in a process geographers call diffusion.
Italian cuisine Afro-Pop Worldwide Moorish Spain La Raza Soccer Jazz Indian pony Cell phone English starling Examples of Cultural Change as a Result of Migration
Evidence of Past Migration or “footprints” • Ainu of Northern Japan. • Gypsy culture. • Ancient ruins: Stonehenge, Easter Island, Olmec relics. • Genetic data
Every culture is a blended culture. There is no such thing as a “pure” culture. (These women are from India, one of the most culturally diverse nations in the world.)
It’s all called migration. • Ancient migration: the gradual expansion of areas of successful human occupation. • Pastoral nomadism: a form of economic activity involving traveling seasonally to hunt or herd animals. • Modern migration: the search for economic opportunity. Common Factor = the search for resources for livelihood
Types of Migration: Voluntary • Moving to another place to live, work, teach, trade or learn: • Missionaries • Import-export businesses • Teachers/students • Anthropologists • Guest workers
Involuntary (Forced) • Forced movement because of political or economic factors: • Slavery • Forced marches • Pogroms • “Ethnic cleansing”
Temporary • Migration that is never meant to be permanent: • Military campaigns • Religious pilgrimages • Seasonal work • Trade travel
Reluctant • People move to new areas who didn’t intend to move. • Famine Flood • Drought Epidemic • Political persecution Civil war • Military aggression Earthquake
Migration Destinations • Rural-to-urban: half the world’s population now lives in cities • Domestic migration: within one’s own country • International migration: to another country
Migration Patterns: Step Migration • Rural to small town to city to big city. • Often work for a while to earn money to move further.
Migration Patterns:Chain Migration • Using family ties and links with friends to move to a prepared destination. • Canada’s immigration policies promote chain migration.
Migration Patterns:Channelized Migration • A pattern of preference not necessarily tied to family or friends • Retirees to Vancouver Island, Arizona or Florida • Scandinavians to Alberta and upper Midwestern USA. • Hawaiians to Salt Spring Island and Las Vegas.
Migration Patterns:Return (Counter) Migration • As many as 25% of migrants will return to their place of origin; • Return migration starts almost as soon as the first in-migration.
In and Out • Immigration: in-migration • Emigration: out-migration
Push and Pull Factors • Push factors: those factors that cause people to decide to leave: lack of opportunity, environmental collapse, war. • Pull factors: those factors that make people decide to go to a particular place: jobs, safety, opportunity.
Migration Fields . . . • Field of Origin: the source of a migration starts close to an exit point; over time, those who leave through that exit point come from farther and farther away. • Destination Field: new arrivals settle as close to their point of arrival as possible; over time, they must settle farther and farther from their “gateway” point.
. . . Become migration streams • The end result is like a river: there is an “erosion” from the point of origin and a build up of a “delta” at the point of arrival.
Diaspora • Diaspora means the scattering of a people over the face of the Earth; it has typically meant a people without a country of their own. • The word was first used regarding the Jewish diaspora, but has expanded to include the African diaspora, the Armenian diaspora, the Palestinian diaspora, and most recently, the Afghani diaspora.
When people arrive • Gateways: usually gateway cities - - a point of entry to a new country • New York City • Los Angeles • Miami • Brownsville, TX
Ethnic geography • Charter culture: the dominant first arrivals who establish the cultural norms; those with the first effective settlement. • Host society: the larger society in which the immigrants must learn to operate • Ethic enclaves: concentration of immigrant arrivals: Little Italy, Germantown, Chinatown, etc.
Voluntary and Involuntary Enclaves • Voluntary: new arrivals live and work close to each other by choice; support, language, food, relationships, adjustment process. • Involuntary: new arrivals cannot move out of the area because of discriminatory laws or practices. • “Redlining” Ghettoes
Acculturation/Assimilation • Acculturation: becoming comfortable with and adapted to new surroundings, retaining elements of one’s original culture. • Assimilation: adopting the cultural norms of the host society, becoming completely integrated into the larger society, dropping one’s original cultural norms.
Concentrations . . . • First generation: follows migration streams, enters through gateway, settles in ethnic enclave which is located in the destination field, and begins the process of acculturation. • Second generation: Makes leap from acculturation to assimilation, moves out of the original enclave, usually in a channelized pattern, creating an ethnic concentration.
. . . And Dispersions • Third generation: Entirely assimilated, move to areas that are only broadly associated with their ethnicity, creating a very broad culture region.
Everyone in this room Is here because of migration
