Introduction to Microbiology

1. Introduction to Microbiology BIO 6 Denise Lim

2. ParScore Scantrons for Lecture Tests • Orange, 8.5" X 11" • Do not wait until the day of the exam to buy them

3. Use Your Textbook Wisely • Glossary and Index • Appendices • "Check Your Understanding" • Study Outlines • At end of chapters • Review and Study Questions at end of chapters • Answers in the back of the book • Online website • www.microbiologyplace.com

4. Some other words of advice • Manage your time well • Pay attention to detail • Learn to be a good communicator • Be professional

5. What is Microbiology? • The study of organisms usually too small to see with the naked eye • Requires a microscope • Microorganisms include: • Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, and animal parasites

6. How small is small?

7. Why do we care about microbes? • Some can make us sick (germs) • Most are beneficial • Important part of food chain: photosynthesis to decomposition (rot) • Found in our bodies (probiotics) • Fermentation: cheese, yogurt, wine, beer, vinegar, bread • Pharmaceuticals and medicine

8. Binomial nomenclature(naming microorganisms) • Two names: Genus and species • Always italicized or underlined • Genus name: • Always capitalized • Usually a noun • Species name: • Always lower case • Usually an adjective, sometimes a proper noun

9. All living organisms are either prokaryotes or eukaryotes • Refers to arrangement of genetic material (DNA) in cells • Pro - karyote means “before” nucleus • Eu - karyote means “true” nucleus • Prokaryotes have DNA spread throughout cytoplasm • Eukaryotes have DNA within a membrane bounded nucleus

10. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • Prokaryotes are either bacteria or archaea • All are single-celled organisms • Most are much smaller (100 - 1000X smaller) than eukaryotic cells • Eukaryotes are everything else: Fungi, protistans, plants and animals • Can be either single- or multi-celled organisms

11. Bacterial cell on left is 1000X smaller than eukaryotic cell on right

12. Size Comparison of twos prokaryote & a eukaryote • Prokaryotes • Epulopiscium: 700 µm • Escherichia coli: 0.5 - 2 µm • Eukaryote • Paramecium: 50 µm

13. What features define life? • Complex organization composed of cells • Ability to grow and develop • Ability to convert energy for own use • Ability to reproduce genetically similar offspring • Presence of genetic material: DNA & RNA • Ability to regulate internal environment (homeostasis) • Ability to respond to environmental stimulus

14. Are viruses living? Bacterial Virus (T4) Animal Virus (Ebola)

15. Why are viruses nonliving? • Noncellular • Composed of genetic material (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat • No metabolic capabilities • Cannot reproduce independently • No ability to regulate or respond to environment

16. Important Historical Events: 1600's & 1700's • Development of the Microscope • Animicules visualized • Discovery of immunization & vaccines

17. 17

18. 18

19. 1800's • Development of Cell Theory • Fermentation and Pasteurization • Germ Theory of Disease • Antisepsis and Disease • Importance of hand washing • Antiseptics: chemical compounds that could kill germs

20. 20

21. 21

22. Robert Koch 1843 - 1910 • Developed pure culture techniques • Proved that Bacillus anthracis caused the disease anthrax in cattle • Developed Koch’s Postulates: rules for proving a specific microbe caused a specific disease

23. Application of Koch’s Postulates

24. 1900's • Discovery of penicillin and other antimicrobial agents

25. Staphylococcus aureus inhibition by fungus Penicillium antibiotic

26. 1900's • DNA is the genetic molecule • Genetic Code - 1960’s • Central Dogma • Recombinant DNA technology - 1970's & 1980's • Human Genome Project • Personal “-omics”